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Below is some advice on how to sleep better.
1. Maintain a regular bed and wake time schedule
Go to bed at the same time every night. Choose a time when you normally feel tired, so that you don’t toss or turn. Try not to break this routine on weekends when it may be tempting to stay up late. If you want lo changeyour bedtime, help your body adjust by making the changein small daily increments, such as 15 minutes earlier or later each day. As with your bedtime, try to maintain yourregular wake-time even on weekends.
2.Fight after-dinner drowsiness（睡意）
If you find yourself getting sleepy before your bed-time, get off the couch and do something mildly stimulating to avoid falling asleep, such as washing the dishes, calling a friend, or getting clothes ready for the next day. If you give in to the drowsiness, you may wake up later in the night and have trouble getting back to sleep.
3. Keep your room dark and cool
When it’s time to sleep, make sure that your environment is dark. Even dim light —especially those from TV or computer screens —can confuse the body clock. Heavy curtains or shades can help block light from windows, or you can try an eye mask to cover your eyes. The temperature of your bedroom also affects sleep. A bedroom that is too hot or too cold can interfere with quality sleep.
4. Turn off your television
Many people use the television to fall asleep or relaxat the end of the day. You may even have a television inyour bedroom. However, television actually stimulates themind, rather than relaxing it. Part of this is due to con­tent. Late night news and prime time shows frequently have disturbing, violent material. Even non-violent pro­gramming can have commercials that are jarring and loud.
5. Exercise early
Exercise helps promote restful sleep if it is done sev­eral hours before you go to bed. Exercise can help you fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly— as long asit ’s done at the right time. Try to finish exercising at least three hours before bed or work out earlier in the day.
6. Consult your doctor
Use a sleep diary and talk to your doctor. Note what type of sleep problem is affecting your sleep or if you aresleepy when you wish to be awake and alert. Try these tips and record your sleep and sleep-related activities in a sleep diary. If problems continue, discuss the sleep diary with your doctor. There may be an underlying cause and you will want to be properly diagnosed. Your doctor will help treat the problem or may refer you to a sleep specialist.
【小題1】To prevent yourself from sleeping too much on weekends, you should________.

A．go lo bed 15 minutes earlier than usual

B．go to bed at usual time

C．go to bed at any time

D．make an adjustment to your bedtime

【小題2】Which of the following makes it easier for you to have a sound sleep?

A．Watching violent programmesbefore going to bed.

B．Changing your bedtime only a little every day.

C．Using heavy curtains or an eye mask to block light.

D．Completing your workout just before bedtime.

【小題3】The following ways can help fight after-dinner drowsinessEXCEPT_______.

A．making a telephone call

B．doing some washing

C．getting clothes ready for the next day

D．having a rest on the sofa

【小題4】 If your sleep problems continue, you’d better_____________

A．move into a new house

B．discuss it with your family

C．change your present job

D．turn to the doctor for help

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Unit 16   Scientist at work

本單元重點(diǎn)單詞

instructions n. 指令；指示                          safety n. 安全                        glove n. 手套

accident n. 事故                                    earring n. 耳環(huán)                        flame n. 火焰

advantage n. 優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢(shì)                           wheel n.  輪；方向盤                   engine n.引擎，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)

technology n. 技術(shù)                               energy n. 能量                        nuclear n.原子

space n. 太空；空間                                   economy n.經(jīng)濟(jì)                       conduct n. 指導(dǎo)；處理；傳導(dǎo)

lighting n. 閃電                                     realize vt. 認(rèn)識(shí)；意識(shí)                   attract vt. 吸引

condenser n. 電容器；聚光器                    last vi. 持續(xù)                             frame n. 框架

enough adj. 足夠的                              control n.& vt. 控制                fix v. 安裝；確定

fasten vt. 扎（捆）                           charge n.& v. 負(fù)責(zé)；充電             cross n. 雜交；十字架

sharp adj. 尖銳的

本單元重點(diǎn)短語

in one’s opinion 在某人看來                                     a waste of … （某方面）的浪費(fèi)

make use of 利用                                                              be famous for … 因……而聞名

all over 遍及                                                                     make discoveries 發(fā)現(xiàn)

a number of 一些                                                              a great deal of 大量；許多

fasten (tie)… to …把……扎（捆）到……上面             protect… from …保護(hù)……免受損害

take care 留神；小心                                                       stop…from doing… 阻止……不……

tear down 拆掉                                                          be in tears 含著淚花

end in 以……告終；結(jié)束                                               such as 如；例如

at least 至少;起碼                                                             find out 查清楚；弄明白

go against 與……對(duì)抗                                              be made up of 由……組成.

一、精彩回放

（一）重點(diǎn)單詞

1．instruction

【用法】n.指令；指示；說明

例1：Just click the mouse and you’ll get the instructions you need.

點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo)，你就會(huì)得到你所需要的指令。

例2:Give them your instructions and they’ll do the experiment well.

給他們下達(dá)您的指示吧，他們會(huì)做好這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)的。

例3：Read the instructions before taking the medicine.

在服用此藥之前，要看一看說明。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1) instruct vt. 教授；指導(dǎo)；通知

例1：Professor Brown instructs two classes in physics.

布朗教授教兩個(gè)班的物理。

例2：Who’ll instruct them to do the experiment ?

誰將指導(dǎo)他們做這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)？

例3：I’ve been instructed that I have to be present at the meeting.

有人通知我，要我出席那個(gè)會(huì)議。

2) instructive adj. 有教育意義的

例如：The film is both instructive and interesting

這部電影既有教育意義，又有趣。

2. Realize

【用法一】vt. 認(rèn)識(shí)；意識(shí)

例如：After talking with his father, Jack realized that playing too much computer games would do bad to his studies.

經(jīng)過與父親的談話后，杰克認(rèn)識(shí)到過量玩電腦游戲會(huì)影響他的學(xué)習(xí)。

【用法二】vt. 實(shí)現(xiàn)

例如：By working hard, he realized his wishes finally.

靠努力奮斗，他終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的理想。

3．attract

【用法一】vt. 吸引

例如：A magnet attracts iron.

磁石吸引鐵。

【用法二】vt. 引起……注意

例如：Her beautiful dress attracted many eyes .

她好漂亮的外衣吸引了很多目光。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1) attraction n. 吸引力

例1：The attraction of the moon for earth causes the tides.

月球?qū)Φ厍虻奈�引力造成了潮汐�?/p>

例2：Computer games have little attractions for my parents .

電腦游戲?qū)ξ腋改赣H沒有什么吸引力。

2) attractive adj. 誘人的；有吸引力的

例如：What an attractive price for such a nice dress !

這么好一件衣服，卻標(biāo)出這樣誘人的低價(jià)！

4.last

【用法一】vi. 持續(xù)

例1:The meeting lasted two hours.

會(huì)議開了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。

例2：The quarreling between the couple lasted quite some time.

這對(duì)夫婦吵了好一陣子。

【用法二】adj. 上一次的

例如：He went there last year

他去年就去了那里。

【用法三】 adv. 最后

例1：Whoever leaves last should turn off the lights.

誰若最后離去，應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)燈。

例2：He who laughs , laughs best.

誰笑到最后，誰笑的最好。

5.enough

【用法一】adj.足夠的

例1：I have enough money to buy a new bicycle.

我有足夠的錢買一輛新自行車。

例2:He has time enough to write her essay.

他有足夠的時(shí)間去寫他的論文。

注意：enough 作形容詞時(shí)可以置于被修飾的名詞前面或后面作定語。

【用法二】adv. 足夠

例1:The little boy is not tall enough to reach the pear on the tree.

那個(gè)小男孩還不夠高；他還摘不到樹上的那個(gè)梨。

例2：The temperature is high enough to turn the ice into water.

這種溫度跑以使冰融化成水。

注意：當(dāng)enough 作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，它只能后置。

【用法三】n. 充分；足夠

例1：Enough has been said on this subject .

關(guān)于這個(gè)問題說得已經(jīng)夠多了。

例2：They didn’t has enough to eat then.

那時(shí)他們常吃不飽。

6.charge

【用法一】vt. 充電

例如：The battery has to be charged again.

這個(gè)電瓶又要充電了。

【用法二】vt.要求付款（服務(wù)費(fèi)用）

例如：The bicycle repairman charged me two yuan

那位修自行車的師傅讓我付給他兩元錢的修理費(fèi)。

【用法三】vt.& vi. 突襲；猛沖

例1:Our soldiers charged the enemy at sunset .

太陽落山時(shí)，我軍士兵向敵軍發(fā)動(dòng)了襲擊。

例2：The angry man charged into the office , shouting at his boss.

那個(gè)憤怒的男子沖進(jìn)辦公室，沖他的老板大聲吼罵起來。

【用法三】n. 負(fù)責(zé)。

例1：Who is charge of the project?

誰負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。

例2：The project is in the charge of Professor Lee.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目由李教授負(fù)責(zé)。

7.conduct.

【用法一】vt.指導(dǎo)；引導(dǎo)

例如：His maid conducted us to the door.

她的女仆把我們領(lǐng)到門口。

【用法二】vt. （電流）通過；傳導(dǎo)

例如：Copper conducts electricity better than other materials.

銅導(dǎo)電較其他物質(zhì)佳。

【用法三】vt.指揮；管理

例如：The orchestra is conducted by her father.

這支管樂隊(duì)由她的父親指揮。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）conduction n. （熱、電、水等的）傳導(dǎo)

例如：The conduction of the water from the river to the city is excellent.

從這條河進(jìn)入那個(gè)城市的輸水系統(tǒng)情況非常好。

2）conductor n. （火車、汽車上的）收票員

例如：“Tickets , please. Tickets，” said the conductor .

那位列車驗(yàn)票員說：“請(qǐng)把票拿出來，驗(yàn)票啦�！�

8.cross

【用法一】n. 十字架；（給錯(cuò)誤評(píng)定符號(hào)的）叉

例1：The American wear a cross around his neck.

那個(gè)美國人脖子上系著一個(gè)（耶穌受難）十字架。

例2:I’ve got two crosses in my maths exercise book.

我的數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)有兩道題做錯(cuò)了（得了兩個(gè)叉）。

【用法二】n. 雜交品種

例如：Her pet cat is a cross between a white cat and a black one.

她喂的那只寵物貓是由黑、白兩種顏色不同的貓產(chǎn)下的雜交品種。

【用法三】vt. 橫過；穿越

例如：look to either end of the street before you cross it .

橫過街道前，你要看看街道兩端時(shí)否有車輛（通過）。

9.sharp

【用法一】adj. 敏銳的；聰慧的

例如：He had sharp eyes and was able to tell everything in politics.

他目光敏銳，政治方面洞察秋毫。

【用法二】adj. 尖銳的；鋒利的。

例如：Take care ! The knife is sharp.

當(dāng)心！這把刀挺鋒利的.

【用法三】adv. 準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)

例如：The meeting began at 8:00 sharp.

會(huì)議在八點(diǎn)整準(zhǔn)時(shí)開始。

【相關(guān)鏈接】 sharpen vt. 使尖銳

例如：He’s sharpening his pencil.

他在削鉛筆。

10．Tear

【用法一】 vi. 撕

例如：Take care ! The cloth tears easily.

當(dāng)心！這種布料很容易撕破。

【用法二】vi. 撕扯；揪（與at連用）

例如：seeing the box ,Mary tore at the paper around it, eager to see the gift in it.

一拿到那個(gè)盒子，瑪麗就撕開外面的那層包裝紙，急著看看盒子里裝的是什么禮物。

【用法三】vt. 拆卸；拆除（與down連用）

例如：The workers are tearing down the houses to build a park

工人們正在拆除那些舊房子；建一個(gè)公園。

【用法四】vt. 撕開；撕裂。

例如：After reading the letter ,she tore it into pieces.

讀完這封信，她就把它撕成了碎片。

【相關(guān)鏈接】 tear n. 眼淚

例如：When she heard the news,  she burst into tears.

聽到那消息時(shí)，她的眼淚奪眶而出。

（二）重要詞組

1. in one’s opinion

in one’s opinion 在某人看來

例如：In my opinion ,we should let the children learn to operate computers.

我認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)操作電腦。

2. make use of

make use of 利用

例如：We should make full (good) use of our limited time .

我們應(yīng)該充分（很好地）利用我們有限的時(shí)間。

3.a number of

a number of 很多（后接可數(shù)名詞）

例如：A  number of students spend too much time on computer games.

有很多學(xué)生在玩電腦游戲方面花的時(shí)間太多了。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1) the number of ……的數(shù)目（謂語用單數(shù)）

例1：The number of the teachers in my school is 206.

我校教師人數(shù)是206名。

例2：What’s the number of the students in you class?

你班學(xué)生人數(shù)是多少？

例3：The number of the workers in the factory is large (small).

這家工廠的人數(shù)量真多（少）。

注意：不用many或few 與the number of 搭配。

2) number of 許多

例如：Numbers of men in the villages have gone to the front .

這些村的許多男子都上前線去了。

4．a(chǎn) great deal of

a great deal of 許多（后接不可數(shù)名詞）

例如：He found a great deal of water over there.

他在那邊發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多水。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1) a good many 許多(后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))

例如：There are a good many new houses at the foot of the hill.

在那山腳下有許多新房子。

2) a lot of 許多（后接可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞）

例1：There are a lot of mistakes in her homework

她的作業(yè)有很多錯(cuò)誤

例2：There is a lot of water in the pail

水桶里面有許多水

5．protect…from

protect …from … 保護(hù)……免受損害

例如：In order to protect the sheep from the snowstorm, he drove them into the cave.

為了不使羊群遭到暴風(fēng)雪的襲擊，他把羊群趕進(jìn)了洞穴。

6. go against

go against 與……相抗衡；抵觸

例1：We mustn’t go against nature , or we’ll be punished by it .

我們絕不能違背大自然的規(guī)律，否則，我們將為此而遭到大自然的懲罰。

例2：In my opinion ,the school rule goes against the law.

我認(rèn)為，條校規(guī)違背了法律。

7．Be made up of

be made up of 由……組成

例如：Our class committee is made up of seven students.

我們的班委會(huì)由七位學(xué)生組成。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1) be made of 由……制成

例如：The toy car is made of wood.

這個(gè)玩具汽車是木頭做的。

2) be made from 由……（提煉）制成

例如：The famous wine is made from rice and corn.

這種名酒是由稻谷和玉米釀制的。

3) make …into … 把……制成為……

例如：The workers are making glass into beautiful vases .

工人們把玻璃制成漂亮的花瓶。

（三）難句分析

1．I was beginning to think that the experiment would not word.

我逐漸覺得這種試驗(yàn)行不通。

【解析1】be beginning to +v. 表示一種程度的發(fā)展。

例如：We’re beginning to realize the importance of English.

我們開始認(rèn)識(shí)到了英文的重要性。

【解析2】2work vi.有效果；起作用

例如：I’ve been taking the medicine for days, but it works little.

我已經(jīng)連續(xù)幾天在服用這種藥，但是不甚見效。

2．Others followed even before the whole string was wet .and I was able to collect and store a great deal of electricity into the condenser.

其他風(fēng)箏也發(fā)生了類似情況，甚至是在那根放飛的繩子全部濕透之前。這時(shí)，我完全可以將大量的電收集并儲(chǔ)存到電容器里面去。

【解析】be able to +v. 表示“能夠”

例如：The wounded so ldier was able to swim across the river.

那個(gè)受傷的士兵終于游過了河。

3．What works with animals often does not work with humans.

在動(dòng)物身上做試驗(yàn)有效，用在人體時(shí)卻經(jīng)常無效。

【解析】這是一個(gè)由What 引導(dǎo)的主語從句；同時(shí)What 又作從句的主語。句謂語是does not work.

例如：What seems easy for her is usually hard for me.

一些在她看來十分容易的事情，對(duì)我來說卻總是很難。

（四） 語法精講

祈使句和構(gòu)詞法：

1．學(xué)習(xí)表示給出“指令”的方式，即“祈使句”。

例1：Add some more sugar to my milk ,please.

請(qǐng)?jiān)俳o我的牛奶加一點(diǎn)兒糖。

例2：Go and get today’s newspaper for me.

去幫我買一份今天的報(bào)紙。

例3：Take care! There comes the car .

當(dāng)心！汽車來了。

例4：Be a good boy , Tom.

聽話（乖一點(diǎn)兒），湯姆。

2．學(xué)習(xí)“構(gòu)詞法”的幾種常用形式。

例1：合成形容詞

warm-hearted 熱心腸的

stone-hearted 鐵石心腸的

Chinese-designed 中國人設(shè)計(jì)的

Radio-equipped 裝有無線電設(shè)備的

Poorly-dressed 衣衫襤褸的

Air-conditioned 有空調(diào)設(shè)備的

Peace-loving 愛好和平的

例2：合成名詞

crossroad 十字路口                       someone 某人

handbag 手提包                                   lookout 留意

takeoff 起飛                                         sightseeing 游覽觀光

by-product 副產(chǎn)品                               get-together 聯(lián)歡會(huì)

sun-bathing 日光浴                       sleeping-pill 安眠藥

例3：合成謂語

whitewash 粉刷

blacklist 列入黑名單

sleepwalk 夢(mèng)游

例4：合成副詞

warm-heartedly 熱心地                        forever 永遠(yuǎn)地

however 但是                                       moreover 而且

whole-heartedly 全心全意地

（五）交際用語

1．Well , in my opinion ,it is a waste of money.

我認(rèn)為這里浪費(fèi)錢。

2．Flying is just as fast.

乘飛機(jī)只是會(huì)快一些。

3．It is good for the economy.

這對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有利。

4．Add a tail to the frame and tie a long string to the cross so you can control the kite.

給這個(gè)（風(fēng)箏）框架上一個(gè)尾巴，然后在這個(gè)框架上的交叉處系上一根細(xì)長的繩子，

這樣你就可以控制這個(gè)風(fēng)箏了。

Unit 17  Famous women

本單元重點(diǎn)單詞

inspire  vt. 激勵(lì)                           explain  v. 解釋                            admire v. 羨慕

smart   adj. 機(jī)靈的；時(shí)髦的     cheerful  adj. 高興的                   general adj. 大致的；總的

hard-working adj.      努力的      weak adj. 軟弱的；不強(qiáng)壯的    stupid adj. 愚蠢的

dishonest  adj. 不誠實(shí)的             mean v.＆n. 意味著；方式           tense  v 緊張

miserable adj. 可怕的                    singer n. 歌手                          actress n. 女演員

champion n. 冠軍                           alone  adj. 單獨(dú)的                 penguin n. 企鵝

Antarctica n. 南極洲                     challenge n. 挑戰(zhàn)                           increase v. 增長

Howling adj. 極端的；嚎叫的     optimistic adj. 樂觀主義的           climate n. 氣候

experience n. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)；經(jīng)歷             individual adj. 一個(gè)人的        bother v. 麻煩

literature n. 文學(xué)                        skip v. 跳躍                             discipline n. 紀(jì)律

career n. 履歷；生涯

本單元重點(diǎn)短語

in high position 地位很高          the South Pole南極                               the North Pole北極

polar bear北極熊                            at the opposite end of 在……對(duì)面          pull one’s sled 拉雪橇

be about do (do ) 正要（做）  be just around the corner 就在附近，即將來臨  fall into 掉人

in good health 健康狀況良好       stand on one’s left leg 用左腿獨(dú)立站好     solo travel獨(dú)自旅行

blow away 吹跑；刮走          knock sb. over. 把某人撞倒                      refer to 所指；參考

rise to fame 名聲大振                   the host of a talk show脫口秀主持人   so far 到目前為止

in history 在歷史上                fight for chances 設(shè)法尋找機(jī)會(huì)              best of luck to you 祝你好運(yùn)

without a strong plan 沒有詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃always be the very best 總是做到最好share with與……分享

一、精彩回放

（一）重點(diǎn)單詞

1.inspire

【用法】vt. 激勵(lì)；鼓勵(lì)

例如: His deeds greatly inspired his schoolmates

他的行為極大地激勵(lì)了他的同學(xué)。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）inspiring adj. 激勵(lì)人心的

例如：The speaker’s words were inspiring.

演講者的話很具有感召力。

2）inspired. adj. 受到鼓舞的

例如：The inspired soldiers threw their caps into the air,

shouting，“Long live the Public!”

受到鼓舞的士兵將帽子拋向空中，大聲喊著：“共和國萬歲！”

3）inspiration n. 激勵(lì)的人的人或事物

例1：My father is always an inspiration to me

父親對(duì)我來說總是一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)者

例2：The motto is an inspiration to many of us.

這個(gè)“座右銘”對(duì)于我們?cè)S多人來說是一種激勵(lì)。

2. mean

【用法一】adj. 地位卑下的；出身微賤的

例如：All the maids were mean in Dreams of the Red Chamber

《紅樓夢(mèng)》中所有的丫環(huán)都是地位卑微的人

【用法二】adj. 吝嗇的

例如：Her husband is rather mean over money.

她的丈夫?qū)﹀X相當(dāng)吝嗇。

【用法三】adj. 破爛不堪的

例如：They used to live in mean house in a mean street.

他們以前住在一條鄙陋街道上的一幢破爛不堪的房子里。

3. tense

【用法】adj.緊張的

例1：Her legs felt tense after running.

跑步后，她感到雙腿肌肉緊張。

例2：He looks tense with anxiety.

他因焦慮而顯得緊張。

例3：The situation became tense suddenly.

形勢(shì)一下子變得緊張起來了。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

nervous adj.緊張的（只指人的精神狀態(tài)）

例如：She felt nervous when asked about that.

當(dāng)被問到那件事時(shí)，她緊張起來了。

4. increase

【用法一】vt. & vi.增長

例1：Her absence increased our difficulty in doing the experiment.

她的缺席增加了我們做這次試驗(yàn)的難度。

例2：The number of the students in my class has increased to 58.

我班學(xué)生人數(shù)已經(jīng)增長到了58位。

【用法二】n./’inkri:s /增多；增加

例1：The population increase makes the government feel hard.

人口的增長讓政府甚感棘手。

例2：We have got a steady increase in production.

我們的生產(chǎn)在穩(wěn)步增長。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

increasing adj. 不斷增長的

例1：The increasing traffic problems are troubling the city people.

不斷增長的交通問題一直在困擾著市民。

例2：The shopkeeper feels happy at the increasing income.

對(duì)于日益增多的收益，店老板樂開了花。

5.threaten

【用法一】vt.威脅；恐嚇

例1：The boss threatened to dismiss Lucy if she didn’t obey him.

老板威脅露西，如果她不服從，就要開除她。

例2：The secretary received a letter threatening to murder the manager.

秘書收到一封信，信中揚(yáng)言要謀殺經(jīng)理。

【用法二】vt.& vi.預(yù)示；將要發(fā)生

例1：The gathering black clouds are threatening a storm.

天空中烏云密布，這預(yù)示著風(fēng)暴要來了。

例2：Knowing that a folld threatens, all the villagers are trying hard to get everything ready.

知道一場(chǎng)洪水將要來臨，所有的村民都在努力做好一切準(zhǔn)備。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）threat n. 恐嚇；威脅

例如：I’m not afraid of their threat.

我不懼怕他們的恐嚇。

2）threat n.惡兆

例如：There was a threat of rain in the dark sky.

烏云密布的天空有下雨之兆。

6.support

【用法一】vt.支持

例如：We firmly support their struggle for human rights.

我們堅(jiān)決支持他們?yōu)槿藱?quán)而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)。

【用法二】vt.支撐

例1：Whales have no strong bones to suport their heavy bodies on land.

鯨沒有結(jié)實(shí)的骨骼在陸地上支撐其沉重的身體。

例2：The hall is supported by six large columns.

這個(gè)大廳由六根大圓柱支撐著。

【用法三】vt.養(yǎng)活

例如：He has a large family to support.

他要養(yǎng)活一家子人。

【用法四】n.支持

例如：I hope to have your support in the election.

我希望在這次選舉中得到你的支持。

7.affect

【用法一】vt.影響

例1：Parents’ words and deeds affect their children a lot.

父母親的言行對(duì)小孩的影響極大。

例2：Some plants are quickly affected by cold.

有些植物很快就受到了寒冷氣候的影響。

【用法二】vt.感動(dòng)；打動(dòng)

例如：The students were much affected by her story.

同學(xué)們被她的事跡深深地感動(dòng)了。

【用法三】vt.（疾�。└腥�

例如：His wound was affected badly.

他的傷口受到嚴(yán)重的感染。

（二）重要詞組

1.lie down

lie down躺下

例如：Having done all the housework, she lay down in bed.

做完所有的家務(wù)后，她躺在床上休息了。

注意：課文中的On November 12 the storm lay down.（十一月十二日風(fēng)暴停下來了。）這個(gè)句子中的lay down是引申意義。

2.make a decision

make a decision 做出決定

例1：Finally he made a decision that he would give up the plan.

他終于做出決定要放棄計(jì)劃。

例2：Children should be encouraged to make their own decisions.

應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)孩子自己去做出決定。

3.go down

go down（太陽）落山

例如：When the sun is going down, the whole farm looks more beautiful.

當(dāng)太陽落山時(shí)，整個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)看起來更美了。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）go down（價(jià)格）跌落

例如：The price of beef has gone down finally.

牛肉的價(jià)格終于下降了。

2）go down（指海洋、風(fēng)暴）平衡；平息

例如：The rough sea finally went down.

波濤洶涌的海面總算平靜下來了。

3）go down 受歡迎

例如：The film HERO went down well.

《英雄》這部影片很受觀眾歡迎。

4.refer to

refer to所指；談及；提及

例1：I was not referring to her when I said so.

當(dāng)我那么說時(shí)，我并不是指她。

例2：The boy you referred to is my seatmate.

你剛才談到的那個(gè)男生是我的同桌。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）refer to 參考；咨詢

例如：While he was writing the essay, he referred to some other books.

在寫那篇論文時(shí)，他參考了其他一些書籍。

2）refer … to 把……歸于

例如：He referred his success to his trainer.

他認(rèn)為自己的成功應(yīng)歸功于自己的教練。

3）refer … to 將……提交

例如：The dispute was referred to the United Nations.

該項(xiàng)爭(zhēng)議已提交聯(lián)合國處理。

（三）難句分析

1.But changes were just around the corner.

但是情況可能隨時(shí)發(fā)生變化。

【解析】be around the corner 在這里是一種習(xí)慣用法，表示“即將來臨”。

例如：Our final test is around the corner.

我們的期末測(cè)試即將來臨。

比較：The post office is just around the corner.

郵局就在轉(zhuǎn)角處。

2.…and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent.

……我發(fā)覺我已經(jīng)在帳篷里呆了一整天了。

【解析】find oneself經(jīng)常表示一種“（無意間）意識(shí)、發(fā)現(xiàn)……”

例如：After walking in the dark for about an hour,we found ourselves right at the foot of the same mountain.

在黑暗中走了約一個(gè)小時(shí)后，突然間我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己又來到了同一座山的山腳下。

3.A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis.

幾天后，我正緩慢地翻越一個(gè)看來似乎安全的陡坡時(shí)，忽然間，我一下子從滑雪板上掉落下去了。

【解析1】was moving … when … dropped out … 若主句是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，而從句（由when引導(dǎo)）是一般過去時(shí)，這個(gè)從句動(dòng)作表示一種“很突然”、“未曾預(yù)料”的含義。

例如：We were having a meeting when the power went out.

我們正在開會(huì)，突然停電了。

【解析2】move over a slope 翻過一處斜坡。

Over prep.翻越；躍過

例如：The athlete sprang over all the fences neatly.

那個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員非常利落地跨過了所有的欄。

【解析3】without warning my world在毫無預(yù)防的情況下

【解析4】from under …從……下方，介詞from�？膳c其他介詞連用。

例如：Soon the moon came out from behind the clouds.

不一會(huì)兒月亮又從云層后面露出了臉兒。

4.She has helped thousands of men and women come to terms with things that bother and that they could not talk about with others.

她幫助了數(shù)以千計(jì)的人們妥善地處理好那些困擾他們的瑣碎的事情，而這又都是一些令他們無法與他人啟齒交談的事。

【解析】come to terms with …與……和好；句中that bother them與后面的and that they … 是兩個(gè)定語從句，分別修飾things。

5.Being black and a woman made life even more difficult in America at that time.

身為黑人，尤其是女人，在那個(gè)時(shí)期的美國，她的生活更艱難。

【解析】Being black and a woman是動(dòng)名詞作主語。

例如：Being a League member, you should set a good example to others.

作為一名共青團(tuán)員，你應(yīng)當(dāng)給他人樹立一個(gè)好榜樣。（此處Being …為狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞）

（四）語法精講

主語和謂語的一致：

1.謂語動(dòng)詞在數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。

例1：The answer to this question is very simple.

這個(gè)問題的答案十分簡(jiǎn)單。

例2：The details of this story are easy for you to remember.

這個(gè)故事的細(xì)節(jié)你很容易記。

例3：Such was Einstein, the great scientist.

偉大的科學(xué)家愛因斯坦就是如此。

例4：Suc are my parents, kind and strict.

這就是我的父母親，既慈祥又嚴(yán)格。

例5：Between the two countries lie five big lakes.

兩國之間有五個(gè)大湖。

例6：Around the corner came a car.

一輛汽車從拐角處開了過來。

2.當(dāng)主語表達(dá)一個(gè)抽象概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)表示。

例1：To answer such a question is really difficult.

回答這樣一個(gè)問題真難。

例2：Playing basketball is good for your health.

打籃球?qū)δ愕慕】涤幸妗?/p>

例3：That our teacher is going to leave us makes us disappointed.

我們的老師要離開我們，這使我們很失望。

3.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞用and并列連接的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞一段要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例1：A pen and a pencil are in my pencil-box.

我的文具盒里有一支鋼筆和一支鉛筆。

例2：To increase the production and to reduce the cost are very important to us.

增產(chǎn)節(jié)支對(duì)我們十分重要。

但如果兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞指的是同一事物或人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

例1：The teacher and writer is respected by all the people.

那位既是教師又是作家的人受到大家的尊敬。

例2：Ploughing the field and sowing seeds is the first thing we should do right now.

耕地播種是我們現(xiàn)在該做的頭一件事。

4.如果主語是單數(shù)，后面跟有as well as, with, like, except, but, besides等引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式；也就是說，介詞短語不能被看作主語的一部分。

例1：Everyone except Micky is in the classroom.

除了米奇以外，其他人都在教室里。

例2：Frank as well as Green and Sandy has been to Beijing.

弗蘭克、格林和桑迪都到過北京。

例3：Ann with her son and her daughter was in New York last Christmas.

去年圣誕節(jié)安和她的女兒在紐約。

例4：French besides English and German is taught in our school.

除了英語和德語外，我們學(xué)校也開設(shè)法語課程。

例5：Charlie, like all his friends, is fond of music.

查理和他所有的朋友一樣，喜歡音樂。

5.each和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成詞，都作單數(shù)看待。

例1：Each of them has got a PC.

他們每人都有一臺(tái)個(gè)人電腦。

例2：Someone is calling for you on the phone.

有人打電話找你。

例3：Nothing is to be done.

什么也沒法做。

6.what,who,which,any,more,most,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，由語義決定。

例1：Which is your book? 哪本是你們的書？

例2：Which are your books? 哪些是你的書？

例3：Here is some more paper.這里還有一些紙。

例4：Here are some more pens.這里還有一些筆。

例5：Are any of you doctors? 你們中有人是醫(yī)生嗎？

例6：Is any of you from Shenzhen?

你們中有人來自深圳嗎？

例7：Those who are against the plan can leave.

反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人可以離開。

例8：Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.

對(duì)這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?/p>

7.none可作復(fù)數(shù)看待，也可作單數(shù)看待；但作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)多，主要看說話人的看法。另外，none of后面若接不可數(shù)名詞，只能視為單數(shù)。

例1：She looked for some cake, but there was none left.

她找些蛋糕，但蛋糕一點(diǎn)也沒剩下。

例2：None of this money is mine.

這筆錢沒有一點(diǎn)是我的。

例3：None of them have come back yet.

他們中誰也沒來。

例4：They say they like it, but none of them has gone to the cinema.

他們都說喜歡這電影，但誰也沒去看。

8.neither和either作主語時(shí)，通常作單數(shù)看待。

例1：Neither of them was from Australia.

他們倆都不是來自澳大利亞。

例2：Either of the boys likes singing.

這兩個(gè)男孩都喜歡唱歌。

9.people（人們），police（警察），cattle（牛群），crowd（人群）等詞是集體名詞，一般為復(fù)數(shù)概念。

例1：The eattle have eaten up all the grass here and have to move to another place.

牛群吃光了這里所有的草，不得不遷移他處了。

例2：The police keep the city in good order.

警察維護(hù)了這座城市的良好秩序。

例3：People in this village are living a rich life.

這個(gè)村子里的人生活很富裕。

10.class,family,school等詞可以被看作復(fù)數(shù)概念，也可以被看作單數(shù)概念，取決于說話人的語義。

例1：Our class is Class 3.

我們班是第三班。（單數(shù)）

例2：Our class are playing on the playground.

我們班全體同學(xué)都在操場(chǎng)上玩。（復(fù)數(shù)）

例3：His family is a very big one.

他的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。（單數(shù)）

例4：The family are at table now.

這家人正在吃飯。（復(fù)數(shù)）

11.表示時(shí)間、重量、距離、長度、價(jià)值等的名詞盡管是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，但如果用于表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念，應(yīng)作為單數(shù)看待。

例1：Three thousand kilometers is a long distance.

3000公里是段很長的距離。

例2：Two months is long enough.

兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間夠長了。

例3：Thirty tons of steel has been shipped to their factory.

30噸鋼材已經(jīng)運(yùn)到了他們工廠。

12.以下是幾種謂語動(dòng)詞與鄰近主語一致的情況。

1）由neither … nor …或either … or …連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與跟它最鄰近的主語一致。

例如：Neither you nor your brother has been there.

你和你弟弟都沒去過那里。

Is either Tom or his brothers to answer for this?

湯姆或是他的兄弟們要對(duì)這事負(fù)責(zé)嗎？

2）句子由there, here和where引起，而主語不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語也通常跟它與最鄰近的主語一致。

例如：There is a book and two letters in the bag.

包里有一本書和兩封信。

Here comes an old lady and two girls.

走過來了一位老太太和兩位姑娘。

Where is your wife and children when you stay here?

你在這里時(shí)，你的太太和孩子們?cè)谀膬海康�有時(shí)情況也有例外，例如：

There are one or two cases like that.

有一兩個(gè)這類情況。

Here are my passport and papers.

這里是我的護(hù)照和文件。

13.如果主語由“the+形容詞”擔(dān)任時(shí)，根據(jù)意義一致的原則確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

例1：In our country, the old are taken good care of.

在我們國家，老人們都得到很好的照顧。（復(fù)數(shù)：所有老人）

例2：After the battle, the wounded were taken to a hospital.

戰(zhàn)斗結(jié)束后，傷員被送到了醫(yī)院。（復(fù)數(shù)：所有傷員）

例3：The older of the two is Simon’s uncle.

兩人中年紀(jì)較大些的那一位是西蒙的叔叔。（單數(shù)：兩人中的一個(gè)）

例4：The dead, who was a stranger, was buried yesterday.

死者是位陌生人，昨天被安葬了。（單數(shù)）

14.如果主語由this（a）kind of, this（a）sort of, this（a）type of后接名詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

例1：A kind of new dictionary is on sale in our boo-kstore.

我們書店正在出售一種新詞典。

例2：This sort of apples tastes sweet.

這種蘋果很甜。

例3：This type of cars is produced in our factory.

這種型號(hào)的汽車是我們工廠生產(chǎn)的。

15.如果主語由these kinds of等后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

例如：These kinds of tests are good.

這種測(cè)試有好處。

（五）交際用語

1.――Is she Chinese?

――她是中國人嗎？

――Yes, she is.

――是的，她是。

2.――Is she a famous singer?

――她是一位名歌手嗎？

――不，她不是。

3.――What is everybody doing here?

――你們大家在這里干什么呀？

――We’re preparing for a party.

4.――Will anybody be free tomorrow?

――誰明天會(huì)得空閑嗎？

――yes, if I finish the work today.

――如果我今天做完了這活兒，我明天就空閑了。

Unit 18   New Zealand

本單元重點(diǎn)單詞

description  n. 描述                            region  n. 地區(qū)                             surround  v. 環(huán)繞

climate  n. 氣候                                   subtropical  n. 亞熱帶                  volcano  n. 火山

narrow  adj. 狹窄的                            sign  v.  &  n. 簽字；跡象              celebrate  v. 慶祝

temperature  n. 溫度                           symbol  n. 象征                                   desert  n. 沙漠

quality  n. 質(zhì)量

本單元重點(diǎn)短語

lie to 位于……                              be made up of 由……組成                  be surrounded by 被……環(huán)繞

be famous for 因……聞名                   such as 例如                                          take possession of 擁有……

refer to 參考；所指                      in relation to 與……有關(guān)                     be marked with 標(biāo)有……記號(hào)

compare…to…把……比作                  stand for 代表                                make up 占據(jù)空間

plenty of 大量；許多                           be native to 原產(chǎn)于……               be careful in （在某方面）仔細(xì)

prepare for … 為……作準(zhǔn)備

一、精彩回放

（一）重點(diǎn)單詞

1．water

【用法一】n. [U]水

       例如：Canada has one third of the world's supply of fresh water.

          加拿大擁有世界淡水供應(yīng)量的三分之一。

【用法二】n. （常用復(fù)數(shù)）大片的水，（江、湖、池、海等）水體，水域

       例如：the waters of the lake 湖中的水

             the upper waters of the Yangtze 長江上游

【用法三】v. 使?jié)瘢�在……上�?澆水，灌溉

       例如：Dry lands have been watered.

             干燥的土地已經(jīng)得到灌溉。

【用法四】adj. 水的，用水的，水生的。

       例如：water sports 水上運(yùn)動(dòng)

             water plants 水生植物

2．lie

【用法一】vi. 平躺（不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式、過去分詞為lay，lain）

       例如：lie on one's back/side仰/側(cè)臥

【用法二】v. 展現(xiàn)，伸展

       例如：A bright future lies ahead.

             前途是光明的。

【用法三】v. 位于

       例1：London lies on the River Thames.

            倫敦位于泰晤士河畔。

       例2：There lies a temple at the foot of the mountain.

         山腳下有一座廟。

【用法四】v. & n. 說謊（規(guī)則動(dòng)詞）

       例1：You are lying to him!

               你在對(duì)他說謊！

       例2：They said she told lies to everyone.

         他們說她對(duì)任何人都說謊。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

1）lie down 躺下

       例如：Go and lie down for a while.

                去躺一會(huì)兒。

2）lie in 在于

       例如：The answer lies in two facts.

             答案在于兩個(gè)事實(shí)。

3）lie on 依賴，壓迫，取決于

       例如：It lies on us to accomplish the task.

             完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)是我們的責(zé)任。

4）lie up 臥床休息

       例如：You'd better lie up for a few more days.

          你最好再多休息幾天。

5）lie有時(shí)后面跟形容詞，表示所處狀態(tài)。

       例如：The book lay open on the table.

                那本書打開著，放在桌子上。

【相關(guān)鏈接2】

1）lay  v. （laid，laid）放、擱；產(chǎn)卵、下蛋

   例1：He laid the book on the table and left.

        他把書放在桌上就走了。

   例2：The hens lay ten eggs every day.

              這些母雞每天下十個(gè)蛋。

2）liar  n. 撒謊者

   例如：A liar is not believed when he tells the truth.

               說慣假話的人說真話時(shí)也沒有人會(huì)相信。

3．run

【用法一】v. 跑，奔，逃跑

       例1：I ran as quickly as I could.

                我拼命地跑。

       例2：The enemy ran away. 敵人逃走了。

       例3：We ran to his aid. 我們跑去幫他。

【用法二】v. 競(jìng)賽，競(jìng)選

       例1：run for Congress 參加國會(huì)議員競(jìng)選

       例2：run for mayor 競(jìng)選市長

【用法三】v. （機(jī)器）運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

       例如：The engine runs perfectly well.

                這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)十分良好。

【用法四】v. 流淌，滴

       例1：The river runs thick.

             水流渾濁。

       例2：The child's nose is running.

                孩子在流鼻涕。

【用法五】v. 變得

       例如：The little pond has run dry.

                那個(gè)小池塘已經(jīng)干涸。

【用法六】v. （車輛）行駛

       例1：The buses run until twelve.

                公共汽車12點(diǎn)收班。

       例2：Are there any trains running to Sichuan from here?

         從這里到四川有火車嗎？

【用法七】v. （道路）延伸，延續(xù)

       例如：The street runs from south to north.

                這條街是南北向的。

【用法八】v. 經(jīng)營，管理

       例如：They run most of the stores here.

             他們管理著這里的大部分商店。

【用法九】v. （顏色）褪色

       例如：When I washed the blouse, the color ran.

                我洗這件襯衫，褪了色。

【相關(guān)鏈接1】

1）run after 追逐，追求

   例如：If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

            不能腳踏兩只船。

2）run away from 從……跑掉；逃避

   例如：He ran away from school. 他逃學(xué)了。

3）run out （某物）被用完

   例如：We decided it would be best to go home before our money ran out.

         我們認(rèn)為最好在把錢用完之前回家。

4）run out of 用完（某物）

   例如：We ran out of coal, and had to burn wood.

         我們用完了煤，只好燒木柴。

5）run into 無意間碰到，和……相撞

   例如：I ran into him now and then.

         我不時(shí)碰見他。

【相關(guān)鏈接2】

runner 賽跑的人           runway跑道

4．some

【用法一】adj. 一些，若干，幾個(gè)（可以修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞）

       例1：Please bring some coffee without sugar.

         請(qǐng)來點(diǎn)兒不加糖的咖啡。

       例2：Ask some boys to help you.

         叫幾個(gè)男孩幫幫你。

【用法二】adj. （修飾單數(shù)名詞）某個(gè)（人或物）= a certain

       例1：There must be some mistake.

          準(zhǔn)是出了什么差錯(cuò)。

       例2：I suggested to Red that we should go to some hotel.

          我向瑞得建議我們?cè)撊フ覀�(gè)旅店。

【用法三】pron. 一些

       例如：Some of the trees can be cut each year for firewood.

          一些樹每年可以被砍作柴火。

【用法四】adv. 大約，與about同義

       例如：It happened some thirty years ago.

          這件事大約發(fā)生在三十年前。

【相關(guān)鏈接1】

some more 再來一點(diǎn)，更多

【相關(guān)鏈接2】

somebody/someone 某人，有人

something 某事，某物

sometimes 有時(shí)

somewhere 在某處

5．surprising

【用法】adj. 令人驚奇的

       例1：What you have just told me is very surprising.

          你剛才告訴我的事真讓人吃驚。

       例2：Is there anything surprising about it? I don't think so.

          有關(guān)這事有什么讓人吃驚的？我認(rèn)為沒有。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

surprising和surprised的區(qū)別：surprising和surprised都是由surprise派生來的形容詞，但surprised是“吃驚的”，“感到驚奇的”。

       例如：He didn't notice the surprised look on her face.

          他沒有注意到她臉上吃驚的表情。

6．shock

【用法一】v. 使震驚

       例如：He was shocked at her smoking. = Her smoking shocked him.

          她抽煙使他震驚。

【用法二】v. 使觸電

       例如：He got shocked when he touched the wire.

          他一摸電線就觸電了。

【用法三】n. [C]震動(dòng)，沖擊

       例1：Three shocks of the earthquakes were felt last night.

          昨晚感覺到三次地震。

       例2：The news was a great shock to Marie.

          那個(gè)消息給了瑪麗很大的震撼。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

shocking  adj. 令人震驚的

7．majority

【用法】n. 大多數(shù)（常和the連用）

       例如：The majority of people in the town want to encourage new industry in the areA.

          城里的大多數(shù)人想在該地區(qū)鼓勵(lì)新工業(yè)的發(fā)展。

注意：majority 作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，其反義詞是minority。

8．share

【用法一】v. 合用，分享

       例1：We share a small room between us.

          我們倆共用一個(gè)小房間。

       例2：She never shared any of her husband's worries.

          她從不分擔(dān)丈夫的任何憂愁。

【用法二】v. 分配，均分

       例3：Mother is sharing the cakes to make sure that every boy gets some.

          母親正在分蛋糕，確保每個(gè)男孩都吃到一些。

【用法二】n. 分得的一份，應(yīng)承受的一份

       例1：You have had more than your share of this apple-pie.

          你吃的蘋果派比你應(yīng)得的分量多。

       例2：You must take your share of the blame.

          你必須接受批評(píng)。

【相關(guān)鏈接】

take one's share 盡自己的一份責(zé)任

9．ship

【用法一】n. 大船

       例如：They are making a ship.