鹽城市2008／2009學(xué)年度高三年級(jí)第一次調(diào)研考試
英語試題
第I卷(三部分，共85分)
第一部分：聽力(共兩節(jié),滿分20分)
第一節(jié) (共5小題；每小題1分，滿分5分)
聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。
1. Where does the conversation take place?
A. In a shop. B. In an office. C. In a restaurant.
2. How much should the woman pay for the car?
A. 200 dollars. B. 230 dollars. C. 240 dollars.
3. What are they talking about?
A. About patient. B. About patent. C. About parent.
4. What time is it now'?
A. 6:15. B. 6:45. C. 7:15.
5. What address is the man looking for?
A.
第二節(jié) （共15小題；每小題1 分，滿分15分）
聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白，每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。
聽第6段材料，回答第6至8題。
6. Who feels disappointed?
A. Mary. B. Jack. C. Both of them.
7. How did Jack play in the game?
A. He tried his best but he failed. B. He didn't to his best so he failed.
C. He gave up trying so he failed.
8. What does Mary. ask Jack to do?
A. She invites him to go to the playground. B. She invites him to come to her house.
C. She invites him to go to the coffee-house.
聽第7段材料，回答第9至11題。
9. What are the speakers talking about?
A. What New York City is like. B. What the weather in
C. What the people in
10. What does the man think of the winter
in
A, It's perhaps the coldest place in the world.
B. There's lots of sunshine though sometimes it's very cold.
C. It's warm but rains a lot.
11. What makes people fee! most unbearable
while living in
A. It's extremely hot in summer. B. The weather changes quickly and frequently.
C. People there are cold and selfish,
聽第8段材料，回答第12至14題。
12. What's the woman?
A. A traveler. B. A reporter. C. A governor.
13. How does the man feel about the state of the forest?
A. Nervous. B. Angry. C. Worried.
14. What does the man want from the government?
A. Help and advice. B. Enough money C. Volunteers.
聽第9段材料，回答第15至17題。
15. What will the girl do in winter holiday?
A. She will go and visit the Aswan Dam.
B. She will have to stay at home to study English.
C. She will go to an African country..
16. What do you suppose the boy's sister is?
A. She is a passenger on the plane. B. She is a traveler, too.
C. She may be a steward.
17. What do you think of the girl's feeling?
A. She may be hurt by the boy's pride.
B. She ma5' be feeling sorry for her failure in the exam.
C. She may be uninterested in the boy's travel plan.
聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。
18. What does the speaker compare books to?
A. Close friends. B. Experienced teachers. C. Food for the mind.
19. What does the speaker define a classic as?
A. A book that stays long in print. B. A book that enlarges the experience.
C. A book that lights the fire.
20. Who wrote the book Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A. Harriet Stowe. B. John Quincy. C. Rachel Carson.
第二部分：知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿分35分)
第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空(共15小題，每小題1分，滿分15分)
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
21. __________ latest news from
A. The; 不填 B. The; the C. 不填; the D. 不填； 不填
22. -- So far _____________.
-- That's too bad.
A. we received no letter from him B. he won't send us any message
C. nothing from him has been received D. we won't hear from him
23. Doctors say it will be many years ___________ scientists develop an effective treatment for AIDS.
A. when B. since C. before D. as
24. The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; ___________ , it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides
25. -- What will you name your baby?
-- ____________. I haven't decided yet.
A. What B. Whatever C. Which D. Whichever
26. Xiao Lin is invited to attend the evening party, but he ____ , because he has to finish the production report in time.
A. prefers not to B. prefers to not C. prefers not D. does not prefer
27. Her fluency in English gave her an edge _________ other girls when she applied for the job.
A. than B. in C. of D. over
28. What moves us deeply is that the seriously sick woman presents _______ gratitude _______ complaint.
A. more; than B. no more; than C. not more; than D. more than; /
29. -- May I smoke here?
-- If you _______, do it in the smoking section.
A. need B. must C. may D. will
30. Zhaopin.com did a survey of _____ students spent on job hunt and found the expense varied from person to person.
A. how much B. where C. how many D. why
31.
A. taken immediate actions B. had a great impact
C. left a deep impression D. produced lots of pressure
32. In an experiment, pet owners are being encouraged to take their pets to work, a move ________ can be good for both the people and the pets.
A. that some scientists say B. in which some scientists say
C. some scientists say that D. some scientists say
33. -- Jack said the paper was too hard when he was asked why he failed the exam again.
-- Well, _____________.
A. a bad penny always turns up B. a bad workman always blames his tools
C. an early bird catches the worm D. an apple a day keeps the doctor away
34. As parents and teachers, you should allow children the space to _________ their opinions, even if they are different from your own.
A. announce B. sound C. declare D. voice
35. ____________ to go out alone, the retired minister had to go for a walk with several policemen following him.
A. Warning not B. Not warning C. Warned not D. Not warned
第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題；每小題1分，滿分20分）
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
An Italian philosopher once said that a great man makes his own good luck. What he means is that when good luck comes, a great man knows how to seize the opportunity and 36 advantage of it.
There is a story about Bill Gates, the 37 of Microsoft that proves this. One day an executive from a large computer company came to his 38 looking for someone who had 39 a new operating system for computers. He didn't know too much about the inventor or his operating system, and he wasn't 40 sure of the inventor's address. At that time everything in the computer business was so new and so disorganized 41 normal business procedures were almost unknown.
It 42 that the inventor lived in a home next to Gates, but he was not at home when the executive came by. He may have been 43 at a meeting or shopping for new equipment. The executive, 44 no one home, wasn't sure what to do, but he didn't want to waste his trip, so he stopped by Gates' house to ask him if he knew anything about the inventor's system and 45 it worked.
Since Gates was working on very 46 software, most other people in his place would have spoken 47 with the executive, told him that he was working on something else, and then forgotten about the whole thing. Gates, however, saw a(n) 48 and jumped on it. He told the executive that 49 he was working on his own operating system (he wasn't) and he would be 50 to discuss it with the executive in a few weeks.
After the executive 51 to a meeting to be held a few weeks later, Gates quickly went out 52 for someone who had a workable new operating system. As an engineer he had a better idea than the executive about what he needed, and when he found someone with an operating system that he liked, he made modifications(修改) 53 on what the executive told him. His meeting a few weeks later was a great 54 , and Gates' new operating system was sold to the large company and the sale became the foundation of Microsoft. Within two decades Gates was the richest man in the world. He 55 his own luck by seizing an unexpected opportunity.
36. A. take B. make C. use D. give
37. A. discoverer B. founder C. organizer D. speaker
38. A. neighborhood B. home C. office D. company
39. A. worked B. bought C. found D. invented
40. A. certainly B. fairly C. ever D. even
41. A. as B. whose C. that D. which
42. A. found out B. turned out C. turned up D. showed up
43. A. out B. outside C. off D. up
44. A. expecting B. considering C. looking D. seeing
45. A. when B. where C. how D. why
46. A. same B. different C. similar D. exact
47. A. attentively B. carefully C. briefly D. closely
48. A. choice B. possibility C. opportunity D. occasion
49. A. after all B. in fact C. in hand D. in addition
50. A. devoted B. invited C. prepared D. welcomed
51. A. promised B. agreed C. admitted D. approved
52. A. looking B. leaving C. caring D. hoping
53. A. depended B. relied C. based D. fixed
54. A. mistake B. failure C. result D. success
55. A. enjoyed B. made C. took D. missed
第三部分 閱讀理解（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
A
John had been on
the road visiting clients for more than three weeks. He couldn't wait to get
back to
He went into the small shop and saw a young man talking to the clerk. "How many roses can I get for six dollars, madam?" the boy asked. The clerk was trying to explain that roses were expensive. Maybe the young man would be happy with carnations.
"No. I have to have roses." He said, "My mom was sick so much last year and I didn't get to spend much time with her. I want to get something special. It has to be red roses, because that's her favorite." He was firm.
The clerk looked up at John and was just shaking her head. Something inside of John was touched by the boy's voice. He wanted to get those roses so badly. John had been blessed in his business, and he looked at the clerk and silently mouthed he would pay for the boy's roses.
The clerk looked at the young man and said, "OK, I will give you a dozen red roses for six dollars." The young man almost jumped into the air. He took the flowers and ran from the store. It was worth the extra thirty-five dollars just to see that kind of excitement.
John ordered his own flowers and had the clerk be sure that delivery would include a note telling his mother how much he loved her. As he drove away from the shop, he was feeling very good. He caught a light about two blocks from the shop. As he waited at the light, he saw the young boy walking down the sidewalk. He watched him cross the street and enter a park through two huge gates. Suddenly he realized it wasn't a park. It was a cemetery(公墓. He could see the young man turn there by gate and walk along the fence.
The light changed, and John slowly crossed the crossing. He pulled over and on an impulse(沖動(dòng)之下) got out and began to follow the boy down the fence line. John was on the sidewalk, thirty or forty steps behind the boy, who walked inside the cemetery fence. The young man stopped by a small monument and went on his knees. He carefully laid the roses on the tomb and began to sob. John felt like an intruder but he couldn't leave. He stared at the little boy's trembling body and listened to his silent crying.
As he cried, he heard the young man speak, "Mommy, oh Mommy, why didn't I tell you how much I love you? Why didn't I tell you one more time? Jesus, please, find my mommy. Tell my Mommy I love her."
John turned, tears in his eyes, and walked back to his car. He drove quickly to the flower shop and told her he would take the flowers personally. He wanted to be sure and tell his mother one more time just how much he loved her.
56. The young boy actually spent _____ getting the rose flowers.
A. 6 dollars B. 35 dollars C. 41 dollars D. more than 6 dollars
57. The underlined word "carnations" in the second paragraph probably _____________.
A. is a kind of tree B. is a kind of flower
C. means solutions D. is a souvenir
58. From the passage, we can infer _____________.
A. John would drive home in person to see his mother with the flowers
B. John wanted to spend 35 dollars buying the roses for the young boy
C. The young boy would have Jesus find his mommy
D. The young boy would turn back to thank John
59. On the clerk's approval of giving the flowers, the young boy was wild with joy because _________.
A. he knew he wouldn't have got the flowers without John's help
B. the clerk was very kind to help him
C. he was able to show his love to his mother with the flowers
D. he was successful in saving some money
60. The best title for this passage may be __________________.
A. Celebrate Mother's Day B. Buy flowers
C. Deliver the roses D. Tell Mum I love her
An Iraqi reporter called President George W. Bush a
"dog" and threw his shoes at him on Sunday, staining a farewell
visit to
A new United Nations report says nearly two million children die
each year because they have no access to clean water. The 2006 Human
Development Report, released Thursday in
The report's leading author, Kevin Watkins, said that the reason behind the water crisis is not a shortage of water, but a lack of will On the part of governments to provide water to people: The report calls on the international community to do more to help solve the problem by doubling annual contributions for water and cleanness.
Indian police say they have found four bombs on a train in the
eastern city of
The U.S. Navy is warning ships to stay away from the coast of
61. From the news above, we can say that the United Nations wants _____________ .
A. to launch a war against
B. to call for more
international contributions for water and cleanness in
C. to take actions to assure
the security in
D. Bush not to visit
62. But for the careful security check, _______________ might have happened.
A. a bomb explosion on a
train in
B. two million children's death
C. the Somalian pirates' rampant piracy
D. the Iraqi reporter's behavior of throwing shoes at Bush
63. Which of the following is NOT the fact, according to the news?
A. Nearly 2 million children die because of the shortage of clean water.
B. All the organizations haven't claimed responsibility for the explosive devices on an Indian train.
C. An Iraqi reporter considered George W. Bush a "dog".
D. The U.S. Navy is aimed to help keep the passing ships in that area in safety.
Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment, and very likely have our views challenged by other members of society.
Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the main factors of current society. Two things, above others, have caused the extreme growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission(傳輸) and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed(失去優(yōu)勢(shì)) by international news.
No longer is the possession of information confined(局限于) to a privileged minority. In the last century, the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people used to go to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes.
Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.
Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modern network of communication is open to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.
64. In the first paragraph the writer stresses the ________ of face-to-face contact in social setting.
A. performance B. usefulness C. limitation D. means
65. It is implied in the passage that ____________.
A. local news used to be the only source of information
B. local news still takes a significant place
C. national news is becoming more popular
D. international news is the fastest transmitted news
66. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. To possess information used to be privileged.
B. Public libraries have replaced private libraries.
C. Communication means more than transmission.
D. Information influences ways of life and thinking.
A moment later I heard my uncle calling me, and found the two men on the road together. The captain then addressed me as if I was his equal, which was very pleasing to a young fellow like me.
"Sir," said he, "Mr. Balfour tells me great things of you, and I like your looks. I wish I was staying here longer so that we might become friends. But we'll make the most of the short time that we have. You must come on board my brig(雙桅船) for half an hour and have a drink with me."
Now, I cannot describe how eager 1 was to see the inside of a ship. But I was not going to put myself in danger, and I told him my uncle and I had an appointment with a lawyer.
"Yes," said he, "he told me of that. But, you see, the boat will set you on shore farther along, near Rankeillor's house." And here he suddenly leaned down and whispered in my ear: "Take care; the old devil(惡魔) has evil plans. Come on board till I can have a Word with you."
Then, passing
his arm through mine, he continued aloud, as he set off towards his boat:
"Now what can I bring you from
By this time we were beside his boat and he was helping me in. I did not dream of refusing. I thought (like a fool) that 1 had found a friend and helper, and I was looking forward to seeing the ship. As soon as we were all in our places the boat was pushed off and began to move over the water. I was so delighted with this new experience that I hardly understood what the captain said, and must have answered him without thinking.
As soon as we were alongside, Hoseason ordered a rope and chair to be sent down, declaring that he and I must be the first to go on board. I was lifted into the air and set down again on the deck(甲板), where the captain stood waiting for me and immediately slipped his arm under mine. I stood there, rather confused and perhaps a little afraid, but delighted with the strange things all around me, while the captain pointed out some of the strangest and told me their names and uses.
And then I saw that my uncle was not with us.
I felt I was lost. With all my strength, I tore myself out of the captain's grasp and ran to the side of the ship. Yes, there was the ship being rowed back to the shore, with my uncle sitting in it. I gave a wild cry-so loud that it rang out over the harbor, and my uncle turned around and showed me a face full of cruelty and terror.
That was the last thing I saw. Already strong hands had been pulling me back fromthe ship's side, and now lightning seemed to strike me. I saw a great flash of fire, and fell unconscious.
67. This passage is most probably taken from _________.
A. a voyage magazine B. a literature novel
C. a science fiction D. a newspaper report
68. Rankeillor, in the fourth paragraph, is perhaps ___________.
A. a lawyer B. a devil C. a captain D. a house
69. After reading the last two paragraphs, we can see that _________ .
A. the author's uncle had an ugly face
B. the author fell unconscious because of the flash of lightning
C. the uncle most probably had participated in the evil plan
D. the author got wild and mad in the end
70. From the whole passage, we can know that ______ .
A. the author was actually kidnapped(綁架)
B. the author finally found a friend and helper
C. the author was very eager and pleased to get on board the ship
D. the author's uncle was terribly unwilling to leave him behind
第Ⅱ卷(共35分)
第一節(jié) 任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題，每小題1分，滿分10分)
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。
注意：每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。
A record 2.3 billion passenger trips will be taken in China during the upcoming Lunar New Year period, the country% most important holiday, Chinese media said on Thursday.
A record 188 million people will take to the nation's railway system, 2 billion road trips will be taken and 24 million will take holiday-related flights in January and February, the China Daily said, in what is the world's biggest annual migration.
The yearly migration is marked by chaotic scenes as masses of Chinese desperate to return home overcrowded the nation's transport system, AFP said.
The official Chinese New Year holiday for 2009 falls on January 26, earlier than most years .
However, the travel rush usually begins up to two weeks before that, and will last 40 days beginning from Jan 11 to Feb 19.
Earlier this year, the chaos was dramatically mixed with unusually serious winter ice storms that spread suffering across a huge land of the country just as the migration was getting under way.
Citing(引述) the government's main economic planning agency, the China Daily said 2009 could see more chaos as this Chinese New Year follows closely after the Western New Year on January 1. Many college students and other people typically travel just before or after the Western New Year and the upcoming holidays could see both migrations overcrowding the transport system at the same time, it said.
People's Daily Online launched an online survey titled "What problem are you most concerned about for the upcoming 2009 Spring Festival railway transport peak season?" on December 9. By 8:00 pm that day, a total of 17,496 netizens had participated in the survey, and. 14,403 of them chose "buying train tickets is difficult, it is almost impossible to get one," accounting for 82.3% of the total number of participants.
The National Development and Reform Commission also warned local governments to take steps to cope with the expected crush, particularly in coastal manufacturing regions.
According to the China Daily, the weather forecast during the Spring Festival is that most of the country will experience normal temperatures for that time of year, but heavy snows were expected in some regions.
Extension of the season
It begins from Jan. 11 and ends on Feb. 19, (71) ▲ 40 days.
Reasons for the peak season
The upcoming 2009 Spring Festival transportation peak season of China is also regarded as the world's biggest (72) ▲ migration, because this Chinese traditional New Year comes soon after the (73) ▲ New Year, and migrations of many college students and other people will swamp the transport system at the same time.
Transportation
(74) ▲
188 million people will go on their trips by (75) ▲ , though it is not (76) ▲ to get train tickets, as netizens surveyed thought; 2 billion will take buses or cars; and 24 million will (77) ▲ home or for their holidays.
(78) ▲
Earlier this year, the unusual winter ice storm (79). ▲ large areas of the country, causing the migration to be badly held up.
information
This Spring Festival transportation peak season will see normal temperatures, in (80) ▲ of heavy snows in some regions.
第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)(滿分25分)
假設(shè)你是學(xué)生李明，你的一位英國(guó)朋友羅伊(Roy)聽說中國(guó)大陸和臺(tái)灣已經(jīng)實(shí)行兩岸直航，便向你了解情況。請(qǐng)根據(jù)列表內(nèi)容用英語給Roy回信。
過去
現(xiàn)在
概 況
60年前臺(tái)灣切斷兩岸正常通航；2008年7月啟動(dòng)周末包機(jī)。
每日通航，月航班數(shù)達(dá)60個(gè)以上；啟動(dòng)直航第一周，兩岸有12家航空公司申請(qǐng)了101個(gè)航班，為4個(gè)臺(tái)灣城市和12個(gè)大陸城市提供服務(wù)。
航 線
客航向南繞行香港；貨輪向北繞行日本沖繩島。
從臺(tái)北等城市可以直航大陸的上海等10多個(gè)城市。
優(yōu) 劣
用時(shí)長(zhǎng)，成本高。
用時(shí)短，成本低。
你對(duì)直航
的評(píng)價(jià)
要求：1、要點(diǎn)全面，語句連貫；
2、詞數(shù)150個(gè)詞左右，信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。
參考詞匯：周末包機(jī)weekend charter flights，貨輪cargo ships，沖繩島island of Okinawa
Dear Roy,
I'm very glad to
receive your letter, and I feel it a great honor to introduce briefly to you
something about the direct flights between the Chinese mainland and
______________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________That's what I can tell you at present. Maybe I'll have some more information for you not long time later.
Yours, Ming
鹽城市2008―2009學(xué)年度高三年級(jí)第一次調(diào)研考試
江蘇省鹽城市2009屆高三上學(xué)期第一次調(diào)研考試
生 物 試 題
注意事項(xiàng)：
1.本試題包括第Ⅰ卷選擇題和第Ⅱ卷非選擇題兩部分。滿分120分,考試時(shí)間100分鐘。
2.答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的學(xué)校、姓名、班級(jí)、考試號(hào)等填涂在答題卡的規(guī)定處。
3.答第Ⅰ卷時(shí)，在答題卡的對(duì)應(yīng)題號(hào)后，將正確答案的字母涂黑；答第Ⅱ卷時(shí)，答案要答在答題卡的對(duì)應(yīng)題號(hào)后的空白處。
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題 共55分）
鹽城市2008/2009學(xué)年度高三第一次調(diào)研考試
數(shù) 學(xué)
(總分160分,考試時(shí)間120分鐘)
參考公式：線性回歸方程的系數(shù)公式為年度高三年級(jí)第一次調(diào)研考試數(shù)學(xué)卷.files/image002.gif)
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鹽城市2008／2009學(xué)年度高三年級(jí)第一次調(diào)研考試
化學(xué)試題
第 Ⅰ卷 (選擇題共48分)
可能用到的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量：H
重要有機(jī)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
知識(shí)技能：掌握重要有機(jī)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法和工業(yè)制法。
能力培養(yǎng)：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生認(rèn)真審題、析題、快速解題的能力；培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自學(xué)能力、思維能力，以及概括總結(jié)和語言表述能力。
科學(xué)思想：通過復(fù)習(xí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用辯證唯物主義觀點(diǎn)對(duì)化學(xué)現(xiàn)象和化學(xué)本質(zhì)辯證認(rèn)識(shí)。
科學(xué)品質(zhì)：激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)、獨(dú)立思考的科學(xué)態(tài)度。
科學(xué)方法：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生科學(xué)抽象、概括整理、歸納總結(jié)、準(zhǔn)確系統(tǒng)地掌握知識(shí)規(guī)律的方法。
重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)
重點(diǎn)：掌握重要有機(jī)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法。
難點(diǎn)：激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，使學(xué)生感悟到科學(xué)的魅力。
教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì)
教師活動(dòng)
【引入】這節(jié)課我們復(fù)習(xí)有機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)，這部分內(nèi)容需要大家掌握重要有機(jī)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法。
【板書】重要有機(jī)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法
【投影】
例1（1997年全國(guó)高考題）1，2-二溴乙烷可作汽油抗爆劑的添加劑，常溫下它是無色液體，密度2.18g?cm-3，沸點(diǎn)131.4℃，熔點(diǎn)9.79℃，不溶于水，易溶于醇、醚、丙酮等有機(jī)溶劑。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中可以用圖4-3所示裝置制備1，2-二溴乙烷。其中分液漏斗和燒瓶a中裝有乙醇和濃硫酸的混合液，試管d中裝有液溴（表面覆蓋少量水）。
填寫下列空白：
（1）寫出本題中制備1，2-二溴乙烷的兩個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式______。
（2）安全瓶b可以防止倒吸，并可以檢查實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)試管d是否發(fā)生堵塞，請(qǐng)寫出發(fā)生堵塞時(shí)瓶b中的現(xiàn)象______。
（3）容器c中NaOH溶液的作用是______。
學(xué)生活動(dòng)
回憶有機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)的有關(guān)內(nèi)容，明確任務(wù)，做好知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備，并記錄筆記。
閱讀、思考、討論。學(xué)生進(jìn)行分析：
制1，2-二溴乙烷需用乙烯和溴的加成。通過觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置，可知a是制乙烯裝置，b是安全瓶防止液體倒吸。錐形瓶的水中插有一直玻璃管，主要作用是檢查試管d是否堵塞。當(dāng)d堵塞時(shí)，氣體不暢通，則在b中氣體產(chǎn)生的壓強(qiáng)將水壓入直玻璃管中，甚至溢出玻璃管。c中盛氫氧化鈉液，其作用是洗滌乙烯；除去其中含有的雜質(zhì)（CO2、SO2等）。乙烯在d中反應(yīng)，最后一個(gè)錐形瓶的作用是吸收Br2（氣），防止空氣污染。
解答：（1）CH3CH2OHCH 
=CH2↑+H2O
CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2Br
（2）b中水面會(huì)下降、玻璃管中的水柱會(huì)上升，甚至溢出。
（3）除去乙烯中帶有的酸性氣體或答除去CO2和SO2。
（4）某學(xué)生在做此實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，使用一定量的液溴，當(dāng)溴全部褪色時(shí)，所消耗乙醇和濃硫酸混合液的量，比正常情況下超過許多。如果裝置的氣密性沒有問題，試分析其可能的原因_____。
【組織討論】請(qǐng)分組討論，認(rèn)真分析并做答。
（4）原因：①乙烯發(fā)生（或通過液溴）速率過快；②實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中，乙醇和濃硫酸的混合液沒有迅速達(dá)到170℃（答“控溫不當(dāng)”亦可）。
【講評(píng)】此題第（1）問多數(shù)同學(xué)能答對(duì)，而后三問有很多同學(xué)答錯(cuò)或答的不夠準(zhǔn)確，原因在哪兒呢？
思考、分析并回答：
（1）對(duì)b裝置的功能理解不透，而導(dǎo)致失分；
（2）對(duì)乙醇和濃硫酸混合液加熱反應(yīng)過程中溶液顏色由無色到棕色最后到黑色的原因不清楚；
（3）題中第（4）問要求考生有一定的分析評(píng)價(jià)能力，學(xué)生往往理解不了，而感到無從入手，從而導(dǎo)致失分。
傾聽，堅(jiān)定信心。
【講評(píng)】由大家的分析我們可看出高考題離我們并不遙遠(yuǎn)，難度也并不是深不可測(cè)，只要我們基本功扎實(shí)，具有一定的分析問題、解決問題的能力，就一定會(huì)在高考中取得好成績(jī)。此題考查了乙烯的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法，除此之外，還要求大家掌握甲烷、乙炔的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法。
【板書】（一）氣態(tài)物質(zhì)：CH4 C2H4 C2H2
【投影】CH4、C2H4、C2H2的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法比較
回憶、查閱、填表、記筆記
【講述】請(qǐng)大家再次看例1，重新體會(huì)一下高考題確實(shí)離不開課本上的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。另外，從整體上看，大家對(duì)氣體的制備、除雜、驗(yàn)證及有毒氣體的吸收能分析清楚，而對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)操作過程中的安全問題根本想不到或思考不到位。通常設(shè)計(jì)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，為了保證操作人員的安全，保障實(shí)驗(yàn)如期順利進(jìn)行，往往要設(shè)置安全裝置；一般在涉及氣體的實(shí)驗(yàn)中最為常見，請(qǐng)大家看投影上九個(gè)裝置，涉及到的安全問題有哪些？
【投影】
討論、分析并回答：涉及到的安全問題有：防倒吸、防堵塞、防爆炸、防污染等安全問題。
【提問】上述九種裝置哪些是防倒吸安全裝置？哪些是防堵塞安全裝置？哪些是防爆炸安全裝置？哪些是防污染安全裝置？請(qǐng)大家對(duì)號(hào)入座。
觀察、思考、討論，得出結(jié)論：
（1）防倒吸安全裝置
①隔離式（圖①）原理是導(dǎo)氣管末端不插入液體中，導(dǎo)氣管與液體呈隔離狀態(tài)。制取溴苯的實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)置這一裝置吸收HBr。
②倒置漏斗式（圖②）原理是由于漏斗容積較大，當(dāng)水進(jìn)入漏斗內(nèi)時(shí)，燒杯中液面顯著下降而低于漏斗口，液體又流落到燒杯中。制取HCl氣體的實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)置這一裝置吸收HCl尾氣，1993年高考實(shí)驗(yàn)試題設(shè)置這一裝置吸收HBr尾氣。
③接收式（圖③）原理是使用較大容積的容器將可能倒吸來的液體接收，防止進(jìn)入前端裝置（氣體發(fā)生裝置等）。1996年高考實(shí)驗(yàn)試題設(shè)置這一裝置接收可能倒吸的水，防止進(jìn)入灼熱的硬質(zhì)試管中。
（2）防堵塞安全裝置
④液封式（圖④）原理是流動(dòng)的氣體若在前方受阻，錐形瓶?jī)?nèi)液面下降，玻璃管中水柱上升。1997年高考實(shí)驗(yàn)試題中設(shè)置了這一裝置，該裝置除了檢查堵塞之外，還可防止倒吸。
⑤恒壓式（圖⑤）原理是使分液漏斗與燒瓶?jī)?nèi)氣壓相同，保證漏斗中液體順利流出。1995年上海高考實(shí)驗(yàn)試題設(shè)置了這一裝置。
（3）防爆炸安全裝置
⑥散熱式（圖⑥）原理是由于內(nèi)塞金屬絲能吸收分散熱量，使回火不能進(jìn)入前端貯氣或氣體發(fā)生裝置。
（4）防污染安全裝置
⑦灼燒式（圖⑦）原理是有毒可燃性氣體（CO）被灼燒除去。
⑧吸收式（圖⑧）原理是有毒氣體如Cl2、SO2、H2S等與堿反應(yīng)被除去。
⑨收集式（圖⑨）原理是用氣球?qū)⒂泻怏w收集起來，另作處理。
【板書】（二）液態(tài)物質(zhì)：硝基苯 溴苯 乙酸乙酯
【講述】曾經(jīng)在1995年高考中考查了硝基苯的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法，請(qǐng)大家看投影。
【投影】
例2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備硝基苯的主要步驟如下：①配制一定比例的濃硫酸和濃硝酸的混合液，加入反應(yīng)器中。②向室溫下的混合酸中逐滴加入一定量的苯，充分振蕩，混合均勻。③在50～60℃下發(fā)生反應(yīng)，直至反應(yīng)結(jié)束。④除去混合酸后，粗產(chǎn)品依次用蒸餾水和5％NaOH溶液洗滌，最后再用蒸餾水洗滌。⑤將用無水CaCl2干燥后的粗硝基苯進(jìn)行蒸餾，得到純硝基苯。
填寫下列空白：
（1）配制一定比例濃硫酸與濃硝酸混合酸時(shí)，操作注意事項(xiàng)是__________。
（2）步驟③中，為了使反應(yīng)在50～60℃下進(jìn)行，常用的方法是__________。
（3）步驟④中，洗滌、分離粗硝基苯應(yīng)使用的儀器是_______________。
（4）步驟④中粗產(chǎn)品用質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為5％NaOH溶液洗滌的目的是___________。
（5）純硝基苯無色，密度比水______（填大或�。�，具有__________氣味的液體。
【組織討論】請(qǐng)分組討論，認(rèn)真分析，派代表回答。
記錄筆記。
閱讀、思考、討論并分析回答：
本題涉及濃硫酸的稀釋應(yīng)將濃硫酸向水中注入，由于稀釋過程中放熱，應(yīng)及時(shí)攪拌冷卻；控溫在100℃下時(shí)，應(yīng)采用水浴加熱；分離兩種互不相溶的液體，應(yīng)使用分液漏斗分液；產(chǎn)品的提純應(yīng)根據(jù)其雜質(zhì)的性質(zhì)采取適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ā?/p>
答案：
（1）先將濃硝酸注入容器中，再慢慢注入濃硫酸，并及時(shí)攪拌和冷卻；
（2）將反應(yīng)器放在50～60℃的水浴中加熱；
（3）分液漏斗；
（4）除去粗產(chǎn)品中殘留的酸；
（5）大，苦杏仁。
【講述】對(duì)學(xué)生的分析進(jìn)行表揚(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)。本題通過硝基苯的制取，考查了實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本操作技能和常用儀器的使用，希望學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)過程中要重視化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本技能的訓(xùn)練。
【投影】硝基苯、溴苯、乙酸乙酯的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法比較，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)記憶及查閱課本，完成此表。
傾聽。
回憶、查閱、填表、記筆記。
【投影】
例3 已知乙醇可以和氯化鈣反應(yīng)生成
微溶于水的CaCl2?6C2H5OH。有關(guān)的有機(jī)試劑的沸點(diǎn)如下：CH3COOC2H5 77.1℃；C2H5OH 78.3℃；C2H5OC2H5 34.5℃；CH3COOH 118℃。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室合成乙酸乙酯粗產(chǎn)品的步驟如下：
在蒸餾燒瓶?jī)?nèi)將過量的乙醇與少量濃硫酸混合，然后經(jīng)分液漏斗邊滴加醋酸邊加熱蒸餾，得到含有乙醇、乙醚和水的乙酸乙酯粗產(chǎn)品。
（1）反應(yīng)加入的乙醇是過量的，其目的是：_____________________________。
（2）邊滴加醋酸，邊加熱蒸餾的目的是：_________________________________。
將粗產(chǎn)品再經(jīng)下列步驟精制。
（3）為除去其中的醋酸，可向產(chǎn)品中加入（填字母）
（ ）
（A）無水乙醇；（B）碳酸鈉；（C）無水醋酸鈉
（4）再向其中加入飽和氯化鈣溶液，振蕩、分離，其目的是：_______________。
（5）然后再向其中加入無水硫酸鈉，振蕩，其目的是：_________________。
最后，將經(jīng)過上述處理后的液體倒入另一干燥的蒸餾瓶?jī)?nèi)，再蒸餾，棄去低沸點(diǎn)餾分，收集沸程76～78℃之間的餾分即得。
【組織討論】請(qǐng)分組討論，認(rèn)真分析，派代表回答。
閱讀、思考、搶答，討論分析：
根據(jù)題意可知合成乙酸乙酯；同時(shí)還要精制乙酸乙酯。首先考慮有機(jī)物的合成是可逆反應(yīng)，需采取什么措施使合成酯的平衡向右方向進(jìn)行。根據(jù)平衡原理，增加反應(yīng)物濃度或減少生成物的濃度使平衡向右方向移動(dòng)。另外根據(jù)各物質(zhì)的特殊性質(zhì)，通過化學(xué)反應(yīng)，除去雜質(zhì)，而增加乙酸乙酯的產(chǎn)率。由此可得到正確結(jié)論：
（1）加過量乙醇：即是增加一種反應(yīng)物，有利于酯化反應(yīng)向正反應(yīng)方向進(jìn)行。
（2）邊加熱蒸餾的目的：因?yàn)橐宜嵋阴サ姆悬c(diǎn)低于乙醇和乙酸，蒸出生成物，有利于酯化反應(yīng)平衡向正方向進(jìn)行。
（3）為除去醋酸，應(yīng)加入（B）碳酸鈉粉末。
（4）再加入氯化鈣的目的是：除去粗產(chǎn)品中的乙醇。（因?yàn)槟苌蒀aCl2?6C2H5OH）
（5）然后再加無水硫酸鈉的目的是：除去粗產(chǎn)品中的水。（因?yàn)槟苌蒒a2SO4?10H2O
【板書】（三）固態(tài)物質(zhì)：酚醛樹脂
【投影】
例4 實(shí)驗(yàn)室用下圖所示裝置制取酚醛樹脂。制備時(shí)，應(yīng)先在大試管中加入規(guī)定量的__________，再加入一定量的_____________作催化劑，然后把試管放在沸水中加熱。待反應(yīng)不再劇烈進(jìn)行時(shí)，應(yīng)繼續(xù)一段時(shí)間，做完實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)及時(shí)清洗_____________，若不易清洗，可加入少量______________浸泡幾分鐘，再進(jìn)行清洗。生成的樹脂是_____________態(tài)物質(zhì)，呈______________色，試管上方單孔塞連線的長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)管的作用是______________________，反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式為_______________________。
【提問】請(qǐng)一名學(xué)生回答前幾問，另請(qǐng)一名學(xué)生板演化學(xué)方程式。
閱讀、思考、討論并回答。
答案：苯酚和甲醛溶液；濃鹽酸；加熱；試管；酒精；粘稠液；褐；導(dǎo)氣、冷凝。
【投影】
例5（1998年全國(guó)高考題）A～D是中學(xué)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中常見的幾種溫度計(jì)裝置示意圖。
（1）請(qǐng)從①～⑧中選出必須使用溫度計(jì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，把編號(hào)填入最適宜的裝置圖A～C的空格中。
①酒清和濃硫酸混合加熱制乙烯
②電石跟水反應(yīng)制乙炔
③分離苯和硝基苯的混合物
④苯和溴的取代反應(yīng)
⑤石油的分餾實(shí)驗(yàn)
⑥濃鹽酸和二氧化錳混合加熱制氯氣
⑦測(cè)定硝酸鉀在水中溶解度
⑧食鹽和濃硫酸混合加熱制氯化氫
閱讀、思考。
（2）選用裝置D做苯的硝化實(shí)驗(yàn)，D中長(zhǎng)玻璃管的作用是_______________。
【提問】通常，溫度計(jì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)中有哪些功能呢？
請(qǐng)分組討論，認(rèn)真分析并派代表回答本題各問。
思考、討論并歸納：
（1）測(cè)水浴溫度，如制硝基苯；
（2）測(cè)反應(yīng)液體溫度，如制乙烯；
（3）測(cè)物質(zhì)的溶解度，如測(cè)硝酸鉀等；
（4）用于沸點(diǎn)不同，互溶且相互不發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的液體混合物的分離，如石油的分餾。
首先要明確哪些實(shí)驗(yàn)必須使用溫度計(jì)，其次對(duì)所需溫度計(jì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步明確溫度計(jì)水銀球所放的位置，對(duì)D中長(zhǎng)玻璃導(dǎo)管作用，要把熟悉的制溴苯、乙酸乙酯的實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行聯(lián)想，完成遷移。
答案：（1）A① B③⑤ C⑦
（2）減少苯的揮發(fā)（或答起冷凝器的作用）。
精選題
重要金屬化合物的性質(zhì)
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
知識(shí)技能：進(jìn)行歸納、整理中學(xué)重要金屬元素的氧化物、氫氧化物的性質(zhì)規(guī)律。
能力培養(yǎng)：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)化學(xué)知識(shí)的歸納、整理的學(xué)習(xí)能力，能在對(duì)比的情景下進(jìn)行化學(xué)知識(shí)的“邏輯的記憶”和“理解的掌握”，并逐步提高解決化學(xué)問題的能力。
科學(xué)思想：培養(yǎng)學(xué)生樹立“結(jié)構(gòu)決定性質(zhì)”的意識(shí)和實(shí)事求是的分析態(tài)度。
科學(xué)方法：通過問題的討論和分析，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解問題解決式和啟發(fā)討論學(xué)習(xí)方法。
重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)
重點(diǎn)：總結(jié)比較常見金屬氧化物，氫氧化物的性質(zhì)規(guī)律和應(yīng)用。
難點(diǎn)：常見金屬的化合物中氧化性，還原性反應(yīng)的規(guī)律和應(yīng)用。
教學(xué)方法：啟發(fā)、討論、對(duì)比、歸納。
教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì)
教師活動(dòng)
【板書】一、金屬的氧化物
【提問】請(qǐng)同學(xué)寫出下列元素對(duì)應(yīng)氧化物的化學(xué)式和色態(tài)。
（老師巡視，指點(diǎn)答疑，并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生整理筆記）
學(xué)生活動(dòng)
學(xué)生思考，填寫在筆記里。
元素
白色固體：Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、ZnO
淡黃色粉末：Na2O
紅色固體：Fe2O3、Cu2O、HgO
黑色粉末：FeO、Fe3O4、CuO、Ag2O
【提問】請(qǐng)同學(xué)們分析一下這些金屬氧化物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)有何規(guī)
律？可從下面幾點(diǎn)去考慮：
（1）加熱是否分解
（2）與水反應(yīng)
（3）與強(qiáng)酸（H+）反應(yīng)
（4）與強(qiáng)堿（OH-）反應(yīng)
（5）與氨水反應(yīng)
（6）與H2或CO反應(yīng)
并寫出相應(yīng)反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式。
學(xué)生討論、分析、整理筆記。
（1）熱穩(wěn)定性
2Ag2O
4Ag+O2↑ 2HgO 2Hg+O2↑
4Cu
2Cu2O+O2↑
規(guī)律：只有HgO、Ag2O、CuO等不活潑的金屬氧化物加熱易分解。
（2）與水反應(yīng)
Na2O+H2O=2NaOH MgO+H2O Mg（OH）2
2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑
規(guī)律：只有活潑金屬（ⅠA、ⅡA）氧化物能與水反應(yīng)。
（3）與酸反應(yīng)
MgO+2H+=Mg2++H2O
Al2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2O
CuO+2H+=Cu2++H2O
規(guī)律：堿性氧化物或兩性氧化物能與酸溶液反應(yīng)生成鹽和水。
（4）與強(qiáng)堿溶液反應(yīng)
Al2O3+2OH-=2AlO2-+H2O
ZnO+2OH-=ZnO22-+H2O
規(guī)律：只有兩性氧化物能與強(qiáng)堿反應(yīng)生成鹽和水。
（5）與氨水反應(yīng)
Ag2O+4NH3?H2O=2Ag（NH3）2++2OH-+3H2O
ZnO+4NH3? H2O=Zn（NH3）42++2OH-+3H2O
規(guī)律：易形成氨合離子的金屬氧化物能與氨水反應(yīng)。
（6）與還原劑的反應(yīng)
CuO+H2
Cu+H2O
Fe2O3+3CO
2Fe+3CO2
ZnO+C
Zn+CO↑
規(guī)律：“Al”以后的金屬的氧化物能與H2、C、CO等還原劑高溫下發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng)。
【小結(jié)】金屬氧化物所發(fā)生的這些反應(yīng)，總結(jié)起來，主要是金屬氧
化物的下列性質(zhì)：
①堿性氧化物
②兩性氧化物
③熱穩(wěn)定性
④絡(luò)離子的形成
⑤氧化性
其中要注意的是：
Na2O2是由Na+和O22-構(gòu)
成的過氧化物。
Fe3O4可以看是FeO?Fe2O3
原子結(jié)構(gòu) 元素周期律和周期表
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
知識(shí)技能：掌握原子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)，元素周期律的內(nèi)容以及周期表的結(jié)構(gòu)；理解原子結(jié)構(gòu)與元素周期律和周期表（即位―構(gòu)―性）之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。
能力培養(yǎng)：通過例題培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用位一構(gòu)一性三者之間的聯(lián)系規(guī)律解決實(shí)際問題的能力。通過原子結(jié)構(gòu)和元素在周期表中的位置的推斷，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)散思維和收斂思維的能力。
科學(xué)思想：通過習(xí)題訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生領(lǐng)悟事物是普遍聯(lián)系的和量變引起質(zhì)變的辯證法思想；學(xué)習(xí)用科學(xué)的方法和邏輯推理去挖掘物質(zhì)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。
科學(xué)品質(zhì)：通過例題中信息的學(xué)習(xí)，激勵(lì)學(xué)生形成嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)的科學(xué)態(tài)度和勇于創(chuàng)新，追求真理的科學(xué)精神。
科學(xué)方法：通過推斷題的分析與解答，學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用位―構(gòu)―性三者之間的規(guī)律解決實(shí)際問題的推理方法。
重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)位―構(gòu)―性三者之間的規(guī)律及其應(yīng)用。
教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì)
教師活動(dòng)
【板書】一、原子結(jié)構(gòu)
1．原子的組成
【提問】請(qǐng)說明原子的組成。
學(xué)生活動(dòng)
回答原子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：
（2）原子序數(shù)=核電荷數(shù)=質(zhì)子數(shù)=核外電子數(shù)。
（3）質(zhì)量數(shù)A=Z+N，是原子量的近似值。
在學(xué)生回憶的基礎(chǔ)上予以補(bǔ)充
【板書】2．原子核
（1）所含質(zhì)子數(shù)______；中子數(shù)______；
電子數(shù)______；質(zhì)量數(shù)______。
（2）該微粒的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖
思考并回答問題：
（1）所含質(zhì)子數(shù)17；中子數(shù)18；電子數(shù)18；質(zhì)量數(shù)35。
（2）該微粒的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖 
（5）已知Cl元素的原子量為35.5，可知這兩種原子在自然界的原子百分組成之比是Cl-35∶Cl-37=3∶1。
這里應(yīng)明確同位素與核外電子數(shù)無關(guān)；
并非所有原子核內(nèi)都有中子。
非金屬元素：其陰離子半徑＞原子半徑
金屬元素：其陽離子半徑＜原子半徑
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真思考后做出回答。
【提問】比較三種“原子量”之間的差別，并判斷下列各式分別表示哪種“原子量”？
①M(fèi)=m/mc/12；
回答：三種原子量的概念及計(jì)算：（略）
①為同位素的原子量；
②為元素的（平均）原子量；
③為元素的近似平均原子量（A為質(zhì)量數(shù)）。
【投影】例2某元素構(gòu)成的雙原子分子有三種，其式量分別為158、160、162。在天然單質(zhì)中，此三種單質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比為1∶1∶1。由此推斷以下結(jié)論中，正確的是 [ ]
A．此元素有三種同位素
B．其中一種同位素質(zhì)量數(shù)為80
C．其中質(zhì)量數(shù)為79的同位素原子占原子總數(shù)的1/2
D．此元素的單質(zhì)的平均式量為160
【組織討論】請(qǐng)討論解題思路并做答。
通過例題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考與分析：
（1）如何確定該元素同位素原子的種類？
（2）怎樣計(jì)算其同位素原子的質(zhì)量數(shù)？
（3）怎樣計(jì)算各種同位素原子的百分比？
（4）如何確定此元素的單質(zhì)的平均式量？
討論并回答：
（1）有三種單質(zhì)，說明該元素只可能有兩種同位素原子；若有三種同位素原子，則形成的單質(zhì)分子就不止三種。設(shè)這兩種原子分別為aX和bX，則三種單質(zhì)為：aXaX、aXbX、bXbX。
（2）這兩種原子的質(zhì)量數(shù)分別是：158/2=79；162/2=81；而式量為160的是由兩種同位素原子共同形成的（79+81=160）。所以，質(zhì)量數(shù)為80的同位素并不存在。
（3）由三種單質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比為
1∶1∶1，可求得質(zhì)量數(shù)為79和81的兩種同位素原子的個(gè)數(shù)比為1∶1，即各占50％。
（4）單質(zhì)的平均式量可由下式求得：
M=158×1/3+160×1/3+162×1/3= 160</PGN0046.TXT/PGN>
【板書】3．原子核外電子的排布
【投影】例3 下列敘述中正確的是 [ ]
A．兩種微粒，若核外電子排布完全相同，則其化學(xué)性質(zhì)一定相同；
B．凡單原子形成的離子，一定具有稀有氣體元素原子的核外電子排布；
C．兩原子，若核外電子排布相同，則一定屬于同種元素；
D．不存在兩種質(zhì)子數(shù)和電子數(shù)均相同的陽離子和陰離子。
請(qǐng)認(rèn)真思考后做出回答。
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生小結(jié)有關(guān)電子排布的知識(shí)。
分析與辨析、回答：
A中的微粒，可以是原子、陽離子和陰離子，如Na+和O2-，都是2、8的電子層結(jié)構(gòu)，但化學(xué)性質(zhì)相差甚遠(yuǎn)。
B中當(dāng)H形成H+時(shí)，不與任何稀有氣體的原子結(jié)構(gòu)相同。
C對(duì)于中性原子其質(zhì)子數(shù)=電子數(shù)，所以核外電子排布相同時(shí)，一定屬于同種元素。故，本題C、D正確。
【投影】（1）核外電子排布的四條規(guī)律；
（2）短周期元素各個(gè)電子層上電子數(shù)目之間的數(shù)量關(guān)系。
（3）最外層電子數(shù)與元素化合價(jià)的關(guān)系；確定元素的最高正價(jià)和最低負(fù)價(jià)（僅非金屬元素），且兩者絕對(duì)值之和等于8（H為2）。
聽其他同學(xué)發(fā)言，積極思考，參與討論，并給予必要的補(bǔ)充。比如：
半徑比較三規(guī)律：
非金屬元素的原子半徑＜其相應(yīng)的陰離子半徑。
金屬元素的原子半徑＞其相應(yīng)的陽離子半徑。
具有相同電子層結(jié)構(gòu)的陰陽離子，隨著元素原子序數(shù)的遞增，離子半徑逐漸減小。
洛陽一高2008―2009學(xué)年下期高三年級(jí)2月月考年下期高三年級(jí)2月月考（語文）.files/image002.jpg)
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