棠外高2009屆理科綜合訓練試題（八）
本試卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第II卷（非選擇題）兩部分。滿分300分，考試時間150分鐘。
第I卷（選擇題 共126分）
注意事項：
1.答I卷前，請將自己的學號、班級、姓名填寫在答卷上。
2.每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應的答案涂黑，不能答在試題上。
3.考試結束，請按要求分科整理好答卷，監(jiān)考老師只收第II卷。
可能用到的相對原子質量：H 1 C 12 O 16 Na 23 Mg 24 Cu 64
----復合句
范存智 馬燕 胡小力
復習重點 關聯(lián)詞的靈活運用
3）錯誤：：Tell me what is your name.
正確：What he said just now made me sad. （賓語）
其他主語從句示例：
2) My proposal that every one in our unit should donate at least five books to those who study in rural places can be discussed before it is realized.
賓語從句
6）Do you know why he hasn’t turned up?
以上例句中that沒有其任何語法作用，也沒有任何意思;而what, why ,where 分別作從句的主語、狀語。
注意：
3） I am interested in how you did the experiment.
非限定定語從句：
The pretty girl is just the person that I am after.
狀語從句重點要掌握unless, although, before, until, in case等連詞的使用（高考熱點）。例如06年高考試題：
1. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ___ I have to wait. (Nat.3-9)
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
2. It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health. (chq- 21)
A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if
3. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _____ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Student’s Union. (chq-32 )
A. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time
4. It was some time _____ we realized the truth. (Shd-24)
A. when B. until C. since D. before
5. --Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
--He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word. (sch35)
A. before B. until C. when D. after
例如：
1）Put the book where it was.這是地點狀語從句
2）Put the book in the place where it was.這是定語從句
2．由before 語when 引導的句子在表述上的不同；
3．初中，甚至高中同學都習慣于這樣的說法，“主將從現”，意思是，在含有時間狀
語從句和條件狀語從句的復合句中，主句是將來時，時間與條件從句用現在時。這種說法不全面。正確的解釋是，主句將來時，時間與條件狀語從句用現在的時態(tài)，包括一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時。
1）如果他在睡覺，就別叫醒他
If he is sleeping ,don’t wake him up.
2)曉明，吃過午飯后到我辦公室來。
Come to my office, Xiao Ming, after you have had your lunch.
復合句練習：
I．單項填空（1）
1. The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
2. You should make it a rule to leave things _______ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
3. Don’t be afraid of asking for help ______ it is needed.
A. unless B. since C. although D. when
4. _____ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.
A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. While
5. ---Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.
---Good, and _____ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
6. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.
A. why B. where C. what D. how
7. It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
8. I work in a business ____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that c
9. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ___ I have to wait.
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
10. The poor young man is ready to accept ____ help he can get.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
11. Great changes have taken place in that school. It’s no longer ____ it was twenty years ago, ____ it was poorly equipped.
A. what, when B. that, which C. what, which D. which, that
12. ___ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
13. Do you have any idea _____ is actually going on in the classroom?
A. that B. what C. as D. which
14. ---Is that the small town you often referred to?
---Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
15. Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different you’re your own.
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
16. ____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
17. ___ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.
A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once
18. We haven’t settled the question of ___ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
19. The Beatles,_____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as
20. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
單項填空（2）
1． ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that _____ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
2． Carol said the work would be done by October, ____ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
3． ---I’m going to the post office.
---_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
4． After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. there C. that D. where
5. John plays football ______, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
6．---Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
---I’d like to, ______, I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
7． ---Do you remember _______ he came?
----Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
8．---What was the party like?
---Wonderful. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. when C. before D. since
9． I remember ___ this used to be a quiet village.
A. when B. how C. where D. what
10．----- I don’t like chicken _____ fish.
-----I don’t like chicken ______ I like fish very much.
A. and ; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and
11． ---How far apart do they live?
---_______ I know, they live in the same neighborhood.
A. As long as B. As far as C. As well as D. As often as
12． A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity _____ he reaches the end of the story.
A. when B. unless C. after D. until
13. It is these poisonous products _____ can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.
A. who B. that C. how D. what
14． It is pretty well understood ______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
15． I can think of many cases ______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
16．---Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.
---Good, and _____ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
17． There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______.
A. that … to be improved B. which … to be improved
C. where … improving D. when…improving
18．A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
19． Parents are taught to understand ____ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
20． ___ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.
A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless
II．選詞填空：根據句意，用適當的連詞填空
I) 名詞性從句
1. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that _____ you had a few days off?
2. ______ Liu Xiang will join the 2008 Olympic Games is not surprising.
3. _____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
4. ______ we can’t get seems better than _____ we have.
5. A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
6. Parents are taught to understand ____ important education is to their children’s future.
7. I think Father would like to know ___ I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to sent him a quick note.
8. Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
II）形容詞性從句
1. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
2. We are living in an age _______ many things are done on computer.
3. York, ______ I visited last year, is a nice old city.
4. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair.
5. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.
6. I was given three books on cooking, the first of ___ I really enjoyed.
7. In an hour, we can travel to places ___ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
8. Her sister has become a lawyer, _____ she wanted to be.
III）副詞性從句
1. It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.
2. ---Did Jack come back early last night?
---Yes. It was not yet 8 o’clock ____ he arrived home.
3. If we work with strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______ great it is.
4. ---What was the party like?
---Wonderful. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
5. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.
6. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.
7. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _____ it was the best time for it.
8. Please take an umbrella ________ it rains.
III．短文改錯
Though a young man starts to earn his own living, he 1_______
can no longer expect others to pay for all what he needs, 2
but he has to work till he wants to live comfortably. 3
Because he spends most of his time playing about in the 4
way in that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. 5
And if he breaks the laws of society that he used to 6
break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. 7
As he works hard, and has good health, he can make 8
steady progress in his job before he becomes great success. 9
This is the advice what is given to all young people. 10
IV. 完形填空（1）二選一：
I was 9 years old 1 _I found out that my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words 2 _it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, 3__he has AIDS. Be very careful 4 _ you are around him.”
AIDS wasn’t something 5__ we talked about in my country 6 _ I was growing up. From then on, I knew 7 _ this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But 8_ I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and 9 _Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled 10 _ I tried to figure out 11_ I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates 12 _had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. __13__ my father was moved to the hospital, the nurse would leave his food on the bedside table 14 _ he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known _15 he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret, I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National Aids support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’ t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.
1. A. when B. that
2. A. that B. as if
3. A. why B. because
4. A. when B. after
5. A. what B. that
6. A. during B. when
7. A. that B. because
8. A. since B. when
9. A. because B. when
10. A. after B. as
11. A. how B. why
12. A. who B. what
13. A. Because B. When
14. A. because B. even though
15. A. that B. why
完形填空（2）四選一：
Sometimes people come into your life and you come to realize that they were meant to be there, to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson, or to help you figure out whom you are or who you want to become. You never know 1 these people may be, but when you lock eyes with them, you know in an instant that they will 2 your life in some profound way.
And sometimes things happen to you that may seem horrible, painful, and unfair at first, but 3 you find that without overcoming difficulties you would have never realized your 4 , strength, willpower or heart. Everything Happens for a 5 . Nothing happens 6 or by means of good luck. Illness, injury, love, brilliant achievements, and sheer stupidity all occur to 7 the limit of your soul. Without these small tests, whatever they may be, life would be like a 8 paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. It would be safe and 9 , but dull and utterly pointless.
The people you 10 who affect your life, and the success and downfalls you 11 , help to create who you are and who you become. Even the 12 experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are the most important ones. If someone hurt you or breaks your heart, 13 them, for they have helped you learn about 14 and the importance of being 15 . Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from those moments everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it 16 ___. Talk to people that you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high. Hold your head up because you have every 17 to. Tell yourself you are great and believe in yourself, for 18 you don’t believe in yourself, it will be hard for 19 to believe in you.
You can make of your life anything you wish. Create your own life and then go out and live it with absolutely no 20 . Most importantly (!!!), if you love someone tell him or her, for you never know what tomorrow may have in store.
1. A. who B. what C. why D. that
2. A. destroy B. affect C. end D. give
3. A. in need B. by turn C. in reflection D. with guidance
4. A. promise B. potential C. belief D. wish
5. A. point B. start C. success D. reason
6. A. in surprise B. on time C. by chance D. with pleasure
7. A. test B. keep C. hold D. send
8. A. shortly B. quickly C. terribly D. smoothly
9. A. heavy B. colorful C. satisfying D. comfortable
10. A. think B like C. meet D. miss
11. A. achieve B. experience C. overcome D. suffer
12. A. bad B. rich C. personal D. pleasant
13. A. forget B. forgive C. remember D. love
14. A. clever B. value C. life D. trust
15. A. helpful B. smart C. careful D. serious
16. A too B. then C. before D. again
17. A. day B. way C. right D. hand
18. A. if B. unless C. as D. until
19. A. the others B. some other C. another D. others
20. A. pains B. regrets C. fair D. stress
棠外高2009屆理科綜合訓練試題（七）
江蘇省姜堰中學2008-2009學年度第二學期高三第三次模擬考試
歷 史 試 題
注意事項：
1．答卷前，考生務必用黑色字跡的0．5毫米簽字筆將自己的姓名、考試證號填寫在答題卡上。
2．選擇題每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案，答案不能答在試卷上。
3．非選擇題必須用書寫黑色字跡的0．5毫米簽字筆，填寫在答卷卡各題目指定區(qū)域內相應位置上；如需改動，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案；不準使用鉛筆和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案無效。
4．考生必須保持答題卡的整潔�？荚嚱Y束后，將試卷和答題卡一并收回。
高三英語語言基礎知識復習一
胡小力 馬燕 范存智
（一）動詞時態(tài)
動詞時態(tài)是英語的一個特點，在漢語中，無論動作發(fā)生在過去、現在，還是將來，動詞的寫法是不變的。因此，受漢語思維的影響，中國學生在寫英語中出現的時態(tài)錯誤屢見不鮮。
例1，時態(tài)與時間狀語不一致：
錯誤：Over the last 100 years, there were a lot of great inventions happening in human society.
正確：Over the last 100 years, there have been a lot of great inventions happening in human society.
Over the last 100 years 表示持續(xù)的一段時間，因此，謂語動詞需要用現在完成時，類似的短語還有 during the past/the last few days, in the past/the last few months等。
例2，時態(tài)的相互呼應不一致：
錯誤： I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but doesn’t have enough money for it.
正確 ：I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but she didn’t have enough money for it. 并列句時態(tài)應該一致。
由于動詞時態(tài)是初中語法知識的內容，很多高三考生在備考中并不重視動詞時態(tài)的復習。然而，動詞時態(tài)作為語法知識的主干知識，是高考英語必須過關的語法項目。動詞時態(tài)的掌握為動詞的語態(tài)、語氣以及非謂語動詞的掌握奠定了重要的基礎。初中所學習的動詞時態(tài)知識基本上停留在基本概念的學習和理解，缺乏綜合運用方面的訓練。但是，高考英語對動詞時態(tài)的考查，要求考生要具備動詞時態(tài)靈活運用的能力，例如寫作試題，很多考生由于動詞時態(tài)基礎差，導致所寫短文無法上檔次、得高分。近幾年高考英語的單選試題，很多考生由于動詞時態(tài)的綜合性和語境化運用能力不強導致丟分。
語法動詞時態(tài)的備考重點可以概括為：“321”，即3個一般時、2個進行時和1個完成時，尤其是現在完成時的用法是考查熱點。英語的現在完成時的用途之廣及其重要性，除現在、過去和將來之外，遠為其它時態(tài)所不及。這主要是因為，現在完成時表示過去的動作對目前狀況產生的影響或延續(xù)到目前的狀況，這一功能也是一般過去時所不具備的。例如：
現在完成時的功用基本為以下五點：
1） 對已經開始的動作的結局的總結:
They have completed the whole project.
---You have left the light on.
---Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off. (NMET2000)
The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I have ever had before. (NMET2005)
2） 對過去動作持續(xù)到目前或延續(xù)到將來的過程描述:
I have thought that there’s something more important than money.
3）交待過去的動作或行為對現在產生的影響：
I have seen the book already.
The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (NMET99)
Shirley was writing a book about
4）表示某一時段內某種動作或行為的重復性或固定性：
I have told her how to use the computer.
5）在條件句中表示將來要完成的動作：
By the time I have read the whole book through, I’ll let you know what I think about the book.
就跟隨現在完成時態(tài)的狀語而言，其數目也遠比某些其它時態(tài)要多得多。這就從另一個側面反映了該時態(tài)的重要性。還有一些難點是：不表示現在完成意義的現在完成時：
1） 已故偉人的言行
Few writers have exposed the evils of the old society of
2） 用于時間或條件狀語從句里，表示將來某時間以前已完成的動作
We’ll start at twelve if it has stopped raining by that time.
You must come to call me after I have finished the work.
3） 可以用在when, before, after, until等引導的時間狀語從句中，其主句謂語動詞用一般現在時。這時從句謂語動詞不是表示將來或現在的“完成”，而是強調“經常性的”做完某事以后。
They often play basketball after they have had supper.
He begins to read English aloud as soon as he has done his exercises.
-- I’m going to leave at the end of this month.
--I don’t think you should do that until you have found another job.
(06北京)
4） have got表示現在或將來的意義，相當于動詞have (has) 或will (shall) have
We have got to work tomorrow afternoon though it’s Saturday.
動詞時態(tài)中的一般過去時、現在進行時和將來時在學習的過程看似容易，但是，在高考英語中丟分也很常見。例如以下有關動詞時態(tài)的高考試題的通過率基本沒有過半，個別試題的通過率是單項填空試題中最低的。
1. ---Your phone number again? I _____quite catch it.
---It’s 9568442. (NMET95)
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
2. ---
---But she______! (NMET98)
A. promise B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
3. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____so rapidly. (NMET2001 )
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
4. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I _____half of it. (NMET2004)
A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed
5. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they _____today. （北京05年）
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
我們可以從以上高考試題中明顯地感悟到，近幾年高考試題通過增加綜合性與語境化因素，考查動詞時態(tài)運用能力已成為試題的考查重點。
一般過去時的功用大致可分為以下四種：
1） 表示主語過去的動作或處于過去某階段的狀態(tài)，He drank too much. （過去動作）She was very sad.（過去狀態(tài)）
2） 表示過去某段時間內經常或反復發(fā)生的動作，He often came back home late.
3） 表示過去某段時間內連續(xù)發(fā)生的事或動作，There was a flood every year in the region.
4） 在條件和時間狀語從句中表示過去將來要發(fā)生的動作，Although he was in poor health, he would not stop working.
使用一般過去時應該注意三點：
1） 跟隨一般過去時的常用副詞或時間狀語；
2） 動詞過去式語用的準確把握，切記過去時只是用來反映過去某階段所發(fā)生的事情，牽涉對目前的影響；
3） 動詞過去式的正確拼寫。
將來時在初中一年級就已經學到了。但是，一些非將來時形式表示的將來時間是動詞時態(tài)的難點。
非將來時形式表示的將來時間有以下幾方面：
1、 一般現在時表示將來
1）The talk is about to begin. “be about to do”通常用于書面語中，表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作，不能和表示將來時間的狀語連用，但可與now連用。
2）I’m sure you’ll succeed if you work harder. 用于條件狀語從句中。
3）Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. 用于讓步狀語從句中
4）Tomorrow is Sunday.
I’m thirty in September.
一些表示日期、年齡等的名詞作表語時，用一般現在時表示將來。
5）I’ll give you anything you ask for。
One who comes will be welcome.
在限定性定語從句中，將來的動作應用一般現在時。
2、一般過去時表將來
在一些間接引語或類似間接引語的句子中，雖然指的是將來的行動，但為了表明將來兩件事發(fā)生的先后的時間關系，可用過去時表示先發(fā)生的那一件事。
1）I wondered if you were free tonight.
I thought you would come to know him.
在口語中，表示“試探性”以示客氣和尊重時，要用過去時表示將來或現在的行動。
2) If I wrote to my brother tomorrow, he would receive the letter on Tuesday.
在if引導的非真實條件從句里，將來的動作必須用過去時的形式表示。
3、將來時的其他用法
1) President to Sign Bill (=President Is Going to Sign the Bill)
在報刊標題中，介詞to常用來表示將來時。
2) Tell him to come early when you meet him.
在祈使句里，謂語動詞用的是現在時形式，但表示的卻是將來要發(fā)生的事情。
時態(tài)與寫作：
在敘事寫人的過程中，你如果能把握好文章的語言特點，準確地使用好動詞的時態(tài)，才能使敘事的過程有層次感和立體感。例如以下考生描述自己所經歷的一件事：
It was
a Monday morning on July 7 when the final examinations came to an end,
my mother suddenly decided to take me to
該文以一種時態(tài)為主（過去時），多種時態(tài)為輔，正確、合理地使用了豐富的謂語動詞時態(tài)，體現了敘述文的語言特征。由于動詞時態(tài)運用的準確，使文章有“動”感，這種讓往事再現的“動感”是優(yōu)秀敘述文所要追求的。
（二）非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現象。但是它在英語中的作用僅次于動詞時態(tài)。非謂語動詞的特點是，它在句中不作謂語，沒有人稱和數的變化。然而它可以作其他各種成分，如主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、表語等。其難點是它的動詞特點；即可以有自己的賓語、狀語以及時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。因此，非謂語動詞是高中語法學習的難點和重點，是高分考生必須具備的語法知識基礎。非謂語動詞掌握的如何在高考中是可以拉開檔次的，是高考中的熱點和失分點。例如以下高考試題通過率非常低，但是對一本考生有很好的篩選作用：
1. The managers discussed the plan
that they would like to see _____the next year.(NMET2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
2. _____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET2001)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
3. The research is so designed that once_____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_____ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
掌握非謂語動詞用法有以下幾方面的關鍵點：
1. 謂語還是非謂語
錯誤：Mary, coming here ? everybody else, stay where you are. (NMET2006)
正確：Mary, come here ? everybody else, stay where you are.
2. 主動還是被動
1) 錯誤：There have been several new events adding to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (北京2006)
正確：There have been several new events added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
2) 錯誤：When compared different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)
正確：When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
3) 錯誤：The prize of the game show
is $30,000 and an all expenses paying
vacation to
正確：The prize of the
game show is $30,000 and an all expenses paid vacation to
4) 錯誤：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explaining often enough. (2005天津)
正確：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explained often enough.
3. 動作狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表明的動作之前
1) 錯誤：The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting. (2005江西)
正確： The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting
2) 錯誤：I remember to call him up this morning and he promised to come.
正確：I remember calling him up this morning and he promised to come.
4. 動作狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去還是將來
1) 錯誤：---Is Bob still performing?
---I’m afraid not. He is said to leave the stage already as he has become an official. (2005江蘇)
正確： ---Is Bob still performing?
---I’m afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.
5. 搭配to do 還是doing
1) 錯誤：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk to lose the good
opportunity. (2005上海)
正確：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good
opportunity.
2) 錯誤：The room needs to clean.
正確：The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.
3) 錯誤： He hurried to the station only finding that the train had left. (2005廣東)
正確：He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
6. 是不定式的‘to’還是介詞 ‘to’
1) 錯誤：Isn’t it time you got down to mark the papers? （2006重慶）
正確：Isn’t it time you got down to marking the papers?
2) 錯誤：He is used to live in the north.
正確：He is used to living in the north.
3) 錯誤：He used to swimming in the small river.
正確：He used to swim in the small river.
7. 是 ‘-ed’形式還是 ‘-ing’形式
1) 錯誤：Surprising and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. （2006全國）
正確：Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
2) 錯誤：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfying. (2006天津)
正確：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfied.
由于非謂語動詞在中學課本里出現的比較分散，很多考生往往缺乏比較完整系統(tǒng)的概念，特別是它們之間的區(qū)別。
易錯易混非謂語動詞的用法：
1、to do還是 doing:
to do 常表示具體的將要發(fā)生的動作或事情，側重動作，而doing往往表示概念性和習慣性的動作或事情，側重事情。
（1）remember to do 記住要做……(動作)
remember doing 記住做過……（事情）
（2）try to do 設法做……(動作)
try doing 嘗試……(事情)
（3）mean to do 想要/計劃/打算做……(動作)
mean doing 意味著……(事情)
2、doing 和having done
doing / having done 都表示主動，doing表示和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時或之后發(fā)生，having done側重動作發(fā)生在謂語之前；done /having been done 都表示被動，done表示和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，having been done表示動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。
Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried.
The train leaves
Having done all his work, he went to bed.
Blamed for the
breakdown of the school computer network,
Having been
separated from other continents for millions of years,
3、to do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing
有了時態(tài)語態(tài)的基本概念，不定式各種形式的含義和作用就不難理解和使用。to do / to
be doing / to have done / to have been doing 都表示主動，to do往往表示將來，即在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，to be doing表示和謂語動作同時發(fā)生，to have done表示在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，to have been doing 表示一直持續(xù)到謂語動作；to be done / to have been done 都表示被動，前者表示將來，即在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，后者表示在謂語動作之前發(fā)生。
He is said to study abroad soon. 據說他很快要出國學習。
He is said to be studying abroad now. 據說他現在正在國外學習。
He is said to have studied abroad. 據說他留過洋。
He is said to have been studying abroad for years. 據說他在國外留學多年。
He is said to be given a prize. 據說要給他獎勵。
He is said to have been given a gold medal. 據說他已經獲得金牌。
4、非謂語動詞作狀語
非謂語動詞作狀語時，不定式一般表示原因、目的或結果，但往往都是句型或搭配，而doing的用法比較多，可以表示伴隨、方式、時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步等等。
The question is too difficult to answer. (結果)
The boy is old enough to go to school. (結果)
I am glad to meet you. （原因）
He came early in order/ so as to sit in the first row. （目的）
In order to sit in the first row, he came early. = To sit in the first row, he came early. （目的）
He hurried home only to find his dad dead. (結果)
此外，有一些屬于搭配用法，需要一些強化記憶，經常不用自然會淡忘。可以總結一些規(guī)律性的東西。
1） 有些動詞往往接doing作賓語。如：admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, risk, suggest, understand 等；
2）有些動詞搭配的to是介詞，后面還需接doing或名詞作賓語。如：be(get) used to, look forward to, devote to, object to, subject to, get down to，refer to, stick to等等；
3）有些是固定搭配。如：spend …(in) doing; hear/see/watch/feel/listen to/look at/observe … do/doing/done; find … doing/done; have … do/doing/done; get … to do/doing/done; leave… doing/ done; make/let … do; make oneself done;
4) 有些是固定句式。如：There is no need/doubt to do…; It’s no use/good doing…; It remains to be seen …; Sb/ Sth is said/reported/thought/believed to do…;
（一）動詞時態(tài)練習
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