2009年高考英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀書面表達(dá)背誦篇
（讀寫任務(wù)篇）
讀寫任務(wù)1
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Some years ago, leaving the farm to work in the city, three brothers were employed by the same company and on the same pay. But three years later, they received different wages. So their father was confused and decided to pay a visit to the boss, who told him that he would let his sons explain for themselves.
The three brothers were asked by the supervisor to go to the airport to get a cargo inventory at different times. Jim, who received 500 dollars a months, got the information on the phone instead of going to the airport himself. Frank, the 1000 dollars a month brother with a list of more cargoes. George, the 1500 dollars a month brother came back with detailed information and also did something extra without being told.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1．概括該故事的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；
2．就“態(tài)度決定一切”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右。
1）你認(rèn)為是什么導(dǎo)致三兄弟的薪酬差異;
2）你從這個(gè)故事得到什么啟示;
3）你對(duì) “態(tài)度決定一切”如何理解?
4) 舉一對(duì)比事例說明不同的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實(shí)例可其他論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
參考范文
Three brothers, who worked for the same company , received different wages due to their different attitudes towards their work, which shows right attitude is of great help to one’s life.
Their different attitudes towards their work result in their different wages. From the story I can conclude that those who take positive attitude towards work will be rewarded.
Different attitudes lead to different results. Take Xiao Hua as an example. They are both my classmates. Not only does he put his heart into study but he is also helpful both to teachers and students. So he has become a top student in our class, even in the grade. With his diligence and concentration, he is bound to succeed in entering his ideal university. However, Xiao Li never cares about his study because he is addicted to playing games, he turns a deaf ear to the teachers’ advice. As a result, he falls far behind others in his study.
In my opinion, attitude is everything. No matter what you do, you must do it well even if you may fail many times. Sooner or later you will be rewarded for your positive attitude towards your work or life.
讀寫任務(wù)2
閱讀下面短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Snacks can be a good way to stop your hunger and get the vitamins your body needs. But you need to pay attention to what you eat. Choosing healthy snacks means shopping smart. Be careful of the health claims on food packages. Just because something says “all natural” or “pure” it doesn’t always mean it’s good for you. Be careful of low-fat food claims, too. If the fat has been cut back the amount of sugar in the food may have been increased to keep the food tasting good. Many low-fat foods have nearly as many calories as their full-fat versions. Here are some ways to make healthy snacking part of your everyday routine.
*Keep healthy snacks with you. Keep plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables at home, so you can take them with you when you go out.
*Satisfy cravings (渴望) with healthier foods. If you’re crazy about chocolate, try a hot chocolate drink instead of a chocolate bar. Trade ice-cream for yogurt. If you want something salty, eat whole grain biscuits instead of potato chips.
*Pay attention to the amount you eat. As with everything, moderation (適度) is the key to smart snacking.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1.概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約30詞左右；
2.針對(duì)本文所陳述的內(nèi)容發(fā)表自己的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)約120：
1)簡(jiǎn)述攝取過多的脂肪和熱量的負(fù)面影響。
2)你對(duì)周圍愛吃零食的人的合理化建議。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料的句子。
Possible version:
The author of the passage intends to inform us of the necessity for teens to choose healthy and moderate snacks, which is beneficial to their health. He also suggests to us some ways to make healthy snacking part of our daily life.
As we know, some snacks are high in fat or sugar. Taking too much fat can result in obesity. And most fat people act and react slowly, which has a bad effect on their work and study. Worse still, they are liable to some diseases, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, heart trouble and so on.
It’s highly advisable that those who are crazy about snacks should eat snacks when necessary. For example, after you take exercise and feel hungry, you’d better have some healthy snacks, such as fresh fruit, nuts, raisins and so on, which is much enough to add the necessary calories or nutrients.
讀寫任務(wù)3
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Dear Wei Hua,
I’d like to tell you that I managed to achieve a full score of 120 points in Canada, where the iBT TOEFL was launched earlier this year. I decided to take the test only one month before the due date in June.
You may wonder how I did it. Now let me tell you .I went over several TOEFL vocabulary books and practiced a lot of model tests on the computer. Apart from my preparations for the test, my solid language skills also led to my new TOEFL success. In 2004, I participated in the third “21 st Century Cup” National High School English Speaking Competition held by China Daily as a Junior 3 student and won the top prize.
Testing speaking skills is an added part of the new TOEFL test. My good performance in this test mostly resulted from my speech practice before I moved to live and study in Canada last year. To prepare for the speaking competition, my teacher asked me to make speeches in the canteen at lunch breaks. Surrounded by many students, I heard them saying, “What’s wrong with that girl? Is she crazy?” I had to be brave and confident enough to stand on the stage when the day came,”
I also believe that Rome wasn’t built in one day. To learn English well, we have to keep practicing: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Yours,
Chang Mengsu
[寫作內(nèi)容]
假設(shè)你就是這電子郵件中的Wei Hua, 你的好友Chang Mengsu在你剛進(jìn)入高三時(shí)寫了這個(gè)電子郵件。今天你準(zhǔn)備以電子郵件的形式祝賀她。以下是郵件的內(nèi)容（開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)為你寫好）：
1.以約30個(gè)詞概括Chang Mengsu的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)；
2.以約120個(gè)詞就“新學(xué)年學(xué)英語(yǔ)的打算”為主題發(fā)表自己的看法，并包括如下要點(diǎn)：
(1)你從Chang Mengsu的來信中得到什么啟示；
(2)談?wù)勀銓?duì)“Practice makes perfect.”的理解。
(3)你打算在新學(xué)期如何提高聽說讀寫能力；
[寫作要求]
1.作文中可使用自己的真實(shí)打算或虛構(gòu)的打算，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子;
2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。
Dear Mengsu,
Congratulations on your success in getting such a high mark in TOEFL. …
….
I hope you will give me more advice on how to learn English well and wish you a
good journey to Canada.
Yours,
Wei Hua
Possible version:
Dear Mengsu,
Congratulations on your success in getting such a high mark in TOEFL. Your efforts have paid off. From your e-mail I know your success resulted from full preparations and your solid language but the most important factor is that you keep practicing.
A famous saying goes that “Practice Makes Perfect”. It means it is practice that enables us to do something efficiently, esp. learning a foreign language. Any perfect accomplishment of task is the result of longtime practice. If we understand this saying and apply it to our English study, we’ll benefit a lot from it.
With the coming of the 2008 College Entrance Examination, we are busy preparing for it. In order to improve my listening, I’ll keep on listening to some programmes on VOA and BBC and also the tapes that go with the listening materials. I’ll seize every opportunity to speak English so that I can develop an instinctive feel for the English language. I’ll read all available English newspapers and magazines to enlarge my vocabulary. Keeping a diary is a good way of improving my written English. When in trouble, I’ll turn to my teachers or my classmates for help.
I hope you will give me more advice on how to learn English well and wish you a good journey to Canada.
讀寫任務(wù)4
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
One
day, Zeng’s wife decided to go out for shopping, but her little son insisted on
going with her to the market. Thinking that she would come back very soon, and
that the naughty boy would bring her a lot of
trouble, she was unwilling to do so.
In order to persuade the boy to stay home, she told him, “Oh, come on, good boy, if you listen to Mom and then Mom will give you a present when I am back.”
“What present are you going to give me, Mom?” asked the son.
“We haven’t eaten meat for a long time, so I will kill our pig and let you enjoy a big nice dinner.” The mother comforted the boy when it happened that their pig was wandering in front of the house. Just at that time, her husband came back and heard what she said. Thinking of the nice meal, the boy gave in.
Not very soon, the mother came back, but what she saw shocked her. It was her husband who had killed the only pig of the poor family.
“Why did you kill it? You know that it is very important for my family.” she scolded him.
“I did that just for your promise!” Mr. Zeng answered.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
以約30個(gè)詞概括這則中國(guó)寓言故事“曾子”的品質(zhì)；
以約120個(gè)詞，從“曾子”或者“曾子之妻”的行為任選一個(gè)角度發(fā)表你的看法，
并包括如下要點(diǎn):
(1) 你認(rèn)為“曾子”或者“曾子之妻”的不同的做法對(duì)孩子的教育會(huì)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是什么樣的，并說出理由；
(2) 敘述你一次誠(chéng)實(shí)守信的經(jīng)歷，并談?wù)勀愕母惺堋?
[寫作要求]
1．可以使用實(shí)例來支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容論述，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．標(biāo)題自定。
Possible version
Stick to what you promise
As described in the passage, Mr Zeng firmly kept his wife’s promise to his child, form which we learn that Mr. Zeng is worth depending on and good at educating children.
I can’t agree more with Mr. Zeng’s education method. Had I been his child, I would have formed a deep impression on it and gradually cultivated this quality. Just as an old saying goes, “Action speak louder than words.” If our parents themselves can do what they promise, we are likely to follow them.
The passage so well retained me the remembrance of an experience. Once, I made a promise to myself that I wouldn’t play basketball that week. Nevertheless, it is so fascinating that I even tried to persuaded myself to enjoy it. In time, I resisted the temptation and kept my promise. Since then, I have realized that it is keeping our promise that makes us feel a sense of fulfillment and wins respect from others. So, please stick to your promise.
讀寫任務(wù)5
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
An old man went to live with his son, daughter-in-law, and four-year-old grandson. The family ate together at the table, but his shaky hands and failing sight made eating difficult. Peas rolled off his spoon onto the floor. When he grasped the glass, milk spilled on the tablecloth. The son and daughter-in-law became angry with the mess. So they set a small table in the corner. There Grandfather ate alone while they enjoyed dinner.
Since Grandfather had broken a dish or two, his food was served in a wooden bowl. Still, the only words the couple had for him were sharp when he dropped a fork or spilled food. The grandson watched silently. One evening, the father noticed the son playing with wood scraps and asked the child sweetly, “What are you making?” The boy responded, “Oh, I am making a bowl for you and mum to eat your food in when I grow up.”
The words struck the parents so hard that they were speechless. Then tears started to stream down their cheeks. The son took gently led Grandfather back to their table. From then on, he ate every meal with them. Neither of them seemed to care any longer when a fork was dropped, milk spilled, or the tablecloth soiled.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括故事的主要情節(jié)；
2. 以約120個(gè)詞就“關(guān)愛老人”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，并包括如下要點(diǎn)：
(1)結(jié)合你的實(shí)際生活，談?wù)勗陉P(guān)愛老人方面，你平時(shí)是怎樣做的。
(2)就老年人應(yīng)該得到的待遇發(fā)表你的看法并闡明理由。
［寫作要求］
作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容,
但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。
［評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)］概括準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。
Possible version
The story tells us that the grandfather was treated badly by his son and daughter-in-law and the change of the couple’s attitudes after they saw their son was preparing a bowl for them. (33 words)
As for me, I always showed my respect and love to the old. When I was young, I brought my questions to them for help often, which made them busy but happy. I formed a habit to take a walk with them after dinner, talking about my study, ambitions and their rich experience.
In my opinion, we should treat the old people just like what we want to be treated when we are old. Honor and respect should be given to them by their relatives and the whole society, because they are in poor health, bad mental conditions, and can’t manage everything by themselves. Besides, they’ve already contributed a lot to their family and society and they deserve love from us all. (122 words )
讀寫任務(wù)6
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
We Have Different Ideas!
This may be the most important choice―the turning point in my life. Never before have I been so serious. For me, a Senior Three student, which university to choose is really a hard question, especially when I hold a completely different opinion from my parents.
I’m longing for Wuhan University for its long history, beautiful campus and academic atmosphere. Besides, it’s a good chance to experience a different culture.
But to my great surprise, when my parents heard this, they are strongly against my idea. Moreover, I was shocked to find mum crying! She asked in tears, “Why don’t you stay in Guangzhou? So young a girl, how can you take good care of yourself? Wuhan, oh! It’s too far away. What if I want to see you or you want to see me?” My father also asked me a serious question, “Are you sure you can find a good job in Guangzhou after graduation?”
Actually, I’ve thought about all these. As an independent and active girl, I certainly can handle all the problems. I insist on my choice, but I really value my parents’ agreement.
【寫作要求】
1. 概括短文要點(diǎn)，字?jǐn)?shù)為30詞左右；
2. 假設(shè)你是這位學(xué)生的班主任，該生向你求助，希望你能幫她說服她的父母，請(qǐng)寫下你要對(duì)家長(zhǎng)說的話，字?jǐn)?shù)為120詞左右，至少包括以下內(nèi)容：
（1）客觀分析去外地讀大學(xué)和留在廣州讀大學(xué)的利與弊；
（2）陳述你支持這位學(xué)生的理由。
3. 標(biāo)題自擬。
One possible version：
Where to Go for University?
The author described a conflict between her parents and herself on whether to go to Wuhan University. As an independent girl, she wants to experience more in another city while her parents worry a lot.
As her head teacher, I have the responsibility to help solve the problem even without her begging. Firstly, I should admit I really understand your feelings. Parents always love and care for their children no matter how old they are. It actually is a great challenge for a young girl to study in another city. What’s more, when in the 4th year, she may have to come back to Guangzhou several times to seek a good job here.
As an old saying goes, every coin has two sides. If you see it in a more optimistic way, you’ll find more benefits. In my memory, she’s always independent and strong. No matter what happens, she remains calm and intelligent. As a consequence, I believe she could handle everything. Additionally, Wuhan University is a most famous university in China, so, if she spares no efforts to study, she’ll certainly get a dreaming job. Most importantly, it’s a good opportunity to broaden her horizons and make more friends.
All in all, I’m fully convinced that to study in another city is really a good way to enrich one’s life experience.
讀寫任務(wù)7
閱讀下面的短文，然后按要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
An English proverb goes like this , " Spare the rod and spoil the child ." It implies that in order to enable a child to grow healthily , parents must make him eat bitter foods, do hard work and be sent to places where he can get the fullest training and knowledge.
First of all , eating bitter foods is necessary for a child . Poor food can help cultivate in him the frugal (節(jié)儉的 ) habit and make him realize what we eat daily is the fruit of the sweat of the laboring people . Consequently , he will not be wasteful when he grows up . Secondly , parents should also make the child do hard work . Doing hard work will give him an opportunity to taste the bitterness of labor. Moreover, hard work may also enable him to cherish the fruit of other's labor. Finally , children should be sent to somewhere where life is hard if possible . Human society is full of tests and trials . Flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm . Therefore, children should be allowed to face the world and brave the storm . It is in difficult conditions that young people can get the most training and learn how to solve the problems in various circumstances .
【寫作內(nèi)容】
1. 概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約為30；
2． 就"童年時(shí)代需要艱難生活的磨礪"這一主題發(fā)表你的看法，該部分的詞數(shù)大約為120。短文至少包括以下的內(nèi)容：
（1）描述你的童年生活
（2）你對(duì)童年時(shí)期的生活有怎樣的認(rèn)識(shí)
【寫作要求】
你可以使用實(shí)例或其他方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲材料中的句子。
One possible version：
1）.We know sometimes difficult conditions can really make a man, so parents should let their children eat bitter foods, do hard work and experience a hard life.
I grew up in an ordinary family, which is not so well off. I could understand the hardships my parents were bearing at that time. Therefore, I work very hard now in the hope of entering the university and change the situation of my family and me.
I think that in a certain sense, difficult situations can stimulate a person's potential and pave the way for him to success. One can be strong, brave and faithful after all these hardships he has gone through. All in all, as far as I am concerned, I think that flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm and that a hard life is good for children.
2）.To make the child grow strong, parents should make him eat poor food, do hard work, and experience life in bad conditions, with which a child will value the labour and be capable of facing hardship.
I lived a happy childhood. Not only did my parents love me form the bottom of heart, but also they gave me chances to increase my ability. My parents attached primary importance to the management of my pocket money, which led to the consequence that often I could only watch my friends eating candies with my empty pocket. This experience helped me wake up to the truth that my parents worked hard to earn a life, and so would I in the future.
As the saying goes, "No pains, no gains." it is obvious that the way one lives his childhood plays an important part in his development. If one is brought up in a family that is wasteful, he is likely to be lazy when he grows up. On the other hand, a child who lives a hard life in his childhood, learning that one must be independent and frugal to face challenge, is bound to be strong. On parents' part, they can teach the child to help support the family. More can be done apart from food, hard work and bad conditions.
Instead of being spoiled, children should eat bitter food to learn to be frugal, do hard work to learn to cherish, and be sent to somewhere tough to learn to be brave.
讀寫任務(wù)8
隨著電腦的普及，網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物不再是什么新鮮的話題，請(qǐng)閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Many people believe that in the future computers will be used in lots of everyday activities . It is thought that we won’t go shopping because many goods are available on the Internet . There will be no more books because all books will be available from electronic libraries . The Internet will be used to book holidays, rent films and order food. Most telephone calls will be made over the Internet as well . Some people are excited about these new developments . Others , however, do not think that computers will replace our present ways of shopping and communicating .
In Internet shopping as much fun as traditional shopping ? Many people say it is not . It is fun to go into shops and look as good in person . It is also unlikely that may people will want to read large texts on our computers because paper books will possibly be more user- friendly . Maybe , computers won’t change these habits.
【寫作內(nèi)容】
1．以約30個(gè)詞概括材料中心內(nèi)容。
2．以約120個(gè)詞表達(dá)如下要點(diǎn)：
（1）描述你周圍的同學(xué)對(duì)網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的看法。
（2）你喜歡傳統(tǒng)的購(gòu)物方式還是網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物？
（3）結(jié)合自己的生活例子說明你喜歡的理由。
【寫作要求】
1．作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2. 題目自擬。
【評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】
概括準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。
One possible version：
Which is better ,internet shopping or traditional shopping ?
This passage mainly talks about different uses of internet shopping such as buying goods . electronic books, booking holidays , renting films and so on . It also describes different attitudes to it.
My classmates have different attitudes to it. Some think that it is very convenient to shop on line. Others believe that it is unsafe to buy goods with credit cards and it is impossible to check the quality .
As for me , I prefer traditional shopping. It is really fun to go into shops and look at the goods in person . We can choose what we really need and have a good bargain. We can talk freely with others instead of a cold machine. I often go shopping with my parents on weekends and we have a very good communication every time. Indeed, everything is available on line and we needn’t even leave our home . However ,we may be cheated and waste money. So traditional shopping is better that internet shopping.
讀寫任務(wù)9
請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下任務(wù)說明和寫作要求,寫一篇幅150詞左右的英文短文。
Teenagers’ secrets should be kept to themselves and no one else ,their parents included ,has the right to stick their nose into their private life .As we know , teenagers are going through a special period of development both physically and psychologically .They are curious about and puzzled by the unexpected changes in their body and mind. What’s more ,exposed to a world of adults ,it is only too natural for them to begin imitating (模仿) adults’ behaviors in secret .Boys begin to smoke and girls begin to spend time doing their hair .Some even begin to date with a girlfriend or boyfriend without their parents’ knowledge .They are doing al this in secret because they are still unsure whether it is right to do so and afraid that ,if found out by their parent, they will get misunderstood and even punished .And in fact , in many cases ,the parents can not deal with the matter well and hurt their children’s feelings badly ,making children no longer willing to communicate with their parents .When this happens ,it hurts terribly the whole family feeling .So it seems right that teenagers should keep their secrets to themselves and their parents should allow their children that right .
【寫作內(nèi)容】
概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),該部分詞數(shù)約30左右.
就“青少年的秘密該不該讓父母知道”這一話題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；該部分詞數(shù)約120左右：
A： 你是否與父母分享你的秘密；
B： 你是如何看待你的做法的
C： 父母對(duì)你的做法有何反應(yīng)。
D： 你是如何看待父母的看法或做法的？為什么？
One possible version：
Teenagers’ Secrets Should be Shared with Their Parents
This passage mainly says that many teenagers have their own secrets but parents always want to know them ,which will probably hurt children’s feeling .As a result ,children won’t like to share their secrets with their parents.
Some people believe that parents should allow their teenage children to keep their own secrets. Teenagers are going through a special period .Wondering about and puzzled by changes of their body and mind, afraid to get misunderstood when their parents know it, they choose to copy adults’ behavior secretly. Parents should respect the right of their children.
This idea sounds right but is actually wrong. Most of the teenagers’ secrets, if not at all, should be shared by their parents. Many of their secrets kept to themselves may do them unimaginable harm. I am speaking from my experience .Unlike many of other teenagers, I always let my parents know my secrets. They are always ready to offer me valuable advice about how to deal with my troubles and puzzles. I am happy to have such understanding parents who can share my secrets with me and help me to live a happy life in this special time.
讀寫任務(wù)10
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. Science has improved transportation and communication facilities a great deal. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.
Traveling―whether within one’s country or abroad―brings many invaluable benefits. People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. In the world of yesterday most people were only able to read about strange and fascinating places across the mountains and seas. Later, with the coming of the cinema and television, man’s curiosity about faraway places with strange sounding names was further stirred up. Today man’s curiosity can be satisfied in luxurious comfort. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take him where his dreams lie.
We travel to increase our knowledge of the world in which we live. Knowledge obtained from books alone is not enough. New knowledge of different land and peoples enriches our mind and soul. Books generally do not give us a very true picture of lands beyond our shores. Some of them are even misleading.
【寫作內(nèi)容】
1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)；
2. 然后以約120個(gè)詞就“交通的發(fā)展給我們帶來什么”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，并包括以下要點(diǎn)：
（1) 簡(jiǎn)述從古到今交通方式的變化；
（2) 現(xiàn)代交通給我們帶來的好處，如快捷性、舒適性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性及幫助我們擴(kuò)大視野等；
（3) 現(xiàn)代交通給我們帶來的一些負(fù)面影響；
（4) 你如何評(píng)價(jià)現(xiàn)代交通？
【寫作要求】
1. 可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 標(biāo)題自定。
3. 答案請(qǐng)寫在答題卷的相應(yīng)位置上。
One possible version：
What Does Modern Transportation Bring Us?
Science has made traveling much more convenient than before, and in turn, traveling brings us lots of benefits. We get happiness and know more about different places through the comfortable and convenient traveling.
Transportation has changed a lot during the past years. In ancient times, the fast way to travel was to ride a horse or carriage, while most people just walked. Then, people had bicycles, ships, cars and trains and now we have planes or even spaceships, which are much faster. Modern transportation helps us a lot. It offers us quicker and more comfortable traveling and brings people to closer contact. We can also get more knowledge through traveling. With the help of more economical traveling and modern media, people’s curiosity about things in other places can be satisfied. However, it also brings about negative things like lack of energy and air pollution. So nothing is really perfect, isn’t it?
任務(wù)型寫作11
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Students should think now about what extracurricular (課外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1．概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；
2．就“學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該參與課外活動(dòng)”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右：
a) 簡(jiǎn)述你們學(xué)校有哪些課外活動(dòng)；
b) 你認(rèn)為課外活動(dòng)能給你的學(xué)習(xí)生活帶來什么；
c) 你認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)如何處理好學(xué)習(xí)和課外活動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的觀點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
One possible version:
The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)
Our school offers many different kinds of after-school activities. These include sports, music and drama. I’m one of the members of drama club. I think it is very important for students to participate in extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities can improve our social life, introducing us to new people outside our class or school. In addition, they can reduce the stress and pressure we experience as the result of our studies. Also, they can bring us a lot of enjoyment. If we feel fresh and relaxed we can study better, so they will also be good for our grades. Thus, in my view, if we focus too much on any one thing, either study or after-school activities will be negatively affected. But with the right balance both can improve. (128 words)
任務(wù)型寫作12
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
A lot of people think that teachers need to love their students, that they need to have an expert knowledge of their subjects, and that they should devote themselves completely to their jobs. All of these ideas are, of course, true to a certain degree but they are perhaps a little too simple.
It is impossible for anyone to love everyone they know, and teachers deal with a great large number of students over the years. On the other hand, teachers should certainly be able to make their students feel that they are concerned. A deep knowledge of the subject is extremely important, but equally important is the ability to pass that knowledge on to the students effectively ― a teacher needs to be trained in the skills of teaching. Finally, teachers have to devote a lot of time and energy to their work, of course. However, they are also models that their students must follow; so it is important that they should be well-balanced people with interests outside their school work. A teacher who only lives for work is likely to become too narrow-minded.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1）概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約30；
2）就“怎樣才是一名好教師”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約120；
描述以為你身邊的好教師。
你認(rèn)為一名好教師應(yīng)該具備什么品質(zhì)。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實(shí)例或其他論述方法支持你的觀點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]
概括的準(zhǔn)確性、語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范性、內(nèi)容的合適性以及篇章的連貫性。
One possible version:
Ladies and gentlemen,
It’s my honor to have the chance to speak here.
Most people think a teacher should love his students, have an expert knowledge and devote himself to the job. The ideas are partly true.
In my opinion, a good teacher should love his students. However, it’s impossible for a teacher to love his every student. Besides, for a teacher, the ability to pass the knowledge on to his students is more important than his expert knowledge. A good teacher should be ready to teach the students how to learn rather than what to learn. Moreover, not only should he work hard, but also he should be a well-balanced person.
My English teacher, Miss Wang always helps us out and is concerned about us. And also, he remains young psychologically and tries hard to understand his students. She often stays with us and shares with us her experiences. She amuses us by telling jokes in class at times, which makes us learn English in a relaxed phenomenon. In addition, She keeps upgrading her knowledge and takes every chance to study.
All in all, she is a worthy teacher. I like her very much.
That’s all. Thank you.
任務(wù)型寫作13
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
According to Shenzhen Daily, the city’s vehicle population has reached over 1 million and 80 percent of the vehicles are private cars.
Nowadays more and more families own
private cars. Private cars, as the product of modern civilization, have been
playing a vital role in people's daily activities. Firstly, private cars
are a convenient means of transportation. You can go wherever you like.
Secondly, there is no doubt that private cars will have a great impact on the
economic growth. The rapid car industry growth will contribute much to keeping
the country's economy growing at a higher rate in the near futrue.
But every coin has two sides. The development of the
private cars will bring about a series of problems. For example, the polluted
air given off by cars will do great harm to our health, too many private cars
will lead to traffic jams and a great deal of energy will be wasted and so
on.That is why many people suggest we should go cycling in the city
instead.
However, I think that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, it seems to me that China should increase its output of automobiles and enlarge the private car market. We should take advantages of private cars and make them serve us better. Meantime ,we hope that satisfactory solutions to these negative problems will be found soon.
［寫作內(nèi)容］
1．請(qǐng)用30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)；
2．某英文報(bào)紙就上述“深圳已擁有100萬輛汽車”的新聞，開展了一場(chǎng)“The best form of transportation in our city”的市民大討論。請(qǐng)你用約120個(gè)詞就該討論題發(fā)表你的看法，并說明你的理由。
［寫作要求］
1．可以使用實(shí)例或分項(xiàng)論述的方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．標(biāo)題自定。
One possible version:
Travel by Bike in the City
In this passage, the writer explains the advantages and disadvantages of owning private cars in the city. And he agrees to enlarge the private car market and make better use of them.
But I think bikes should be the most popular form of transportation in our city.
First, a bike is much cheaper than a car, most consumers can afford it, and if there is something wrong with a bike, people can have it fixed easily. Second, bikes need much less parking space than cars. The third reason is that it can save energy for our country. Moreover, it brings no pollution to the air, so it helps to clean the atmosphere.
Therefore, the best form of transportation is travelling by bike ,which is a healthy, “green” and economical way. But with the development of our economy, the day when we use cars as the most popular form of transportation is sure to come.
任務(wù)型寫作14
閱讀下面短文，然后按要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Why are so many people so afraid of failure? It is simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of being human and that every person has the right to fail.
Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s carelessly-made table as “perfect” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to blame something else. If John fails science, it is because his teacher is unfair or stupid.
Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. Even a failure that seems definitive(決定性的) can cause fresh thinking or a change of direction.
After 12 years of studying ballet, a friend of mine applied to a professional company. She was turned down. “Would further training help?” she asked. The ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer,” he said. “You haven’t got the body for it.”
In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock bravely, asking, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her shoes and moved into a dance treatment center, a field where she’s both able and useful.
〔寫作內(nèi)容〕
學(xué)校開展“青少年心理健康”征文比賽。 看了上面的文章，你決定以“面對(duì)失敗”為主題，寫一篇文章參賽。內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)包括：
1. 以約30詞概括上文內(nèi)容：
2. 然后以約120詞談?wù)勀愕恼J(rèn)識(shí)，內(nèi)容包括：
（1） 你對(duì)上文中兩種對(duì)待失敗的態(tài)度的評(píng)價(jià)；
（2） 你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該如何對(duì)待失敗。
〔寫作要求〕
1. 在作文中可以使用自己親身的經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。
〔評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)〕
概括準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。
It’s fine to fail
Failure is something people always try to avoid, without realizing that by facing it bravely, it’ll turn out to be great value in helping their growth.
It’s natural and normal that parents stop their children from experiencing failure. Anyway, it’s been widely accepted that, by means of appreciation and encouragement, children get inspired and tend to learn more. However, this idea ignores an actual fact that life consists of both success and failure. That’s why I believe that too much protection from failure may end up with more pain ? it creates an illusive, or fake, world to kids, not a true one.
The ballet girl gives us a good example of how to face her big failure, from which we see clearly what life is really like: the great amount of time that you’ve devoted to your dream may turn out to be something wrong. The only choice you can make is to smile to it, think of what you can do with it, and decide to still go further or change your way of life. If you face it bravely enough, the failure will lead to “fresh thinking”, and possibly your life will turn on a new page.
Can success bring the same good to us? No. Failure is painful, but it makes us learn more about life. There’s no escape, and there’s no need to escape!
任務(wù)型寫作15
讀寫任務(wù)（共1小題，滿分25分）
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Middle and high school days are both fun and busy. Students spend their days in class, listening to the interesting and sometimes boring words of the teacher. They spend the short breaks running, playing, and shouting happily before going back to the classroom again. But how should students spend their free time outside school?
In Western countries, it is common for students to have a part-time job after school and at weekends. Students can earn their own money and learn more about the “real world”. They enjoy the extra independence and money, and parents enjoy the quiet house. However, it seems that, in China, parents worry so much about their children’ studies that they would prefer to see their children spending most of their free time studying and preparing for all those exams.
It is natural for parents to feel that way, but I believe the answer lies in balance. Sometimes, Western school children work long hours after school to make money, and so they become too tired to listen in class or have no time for homework. But Chinese students spend so much time on their studies that all else becomes less important until they want that new MP4 player.
So, find a good and healthy balance! If you have a part-time job, you’ll be happy, and your parents will also be happy because you’re spending your hard-earned money and not theirs!
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1） 概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞左右；
2） 就“如何利用課余時(shí)間”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的字?jǐn)?shù)大約120詞左右:
a. 以自身為例，簡(jiǎn)述你平時(shí)是怎樣打發(fā)課余時(shí)間的；
b. 你如何看待自己利用課余時(shí)間的方式；
c. 你的父母對(duì)你利用課余時(shí)間的態(tài)度及你的看法。
[寫作要求]
你可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]
概括的準(zhǔn)確性、語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范性、內(nèi)容的合適性以及篇章的連貫性。
A possible version of the writing task:
There is a great difference between the way high school students spend their free time, and the writer hopes to find a balance between studying and having fun.
What worries the writer is just what we students are confused about: can our “spare time” actually mean something “spare”?
Take me for example. Every day I have just 1 hour in the afternoon to do some sports. At weekends, I usually have lots of homework assigned by teachers to finish. Even if I want to do something else, I will often be stopped by my parents. Like many other parents, they just want me to study all the time until I am admitted to a famous university. As a result, I can’t control my “spare time” on my own! Looking around at my friends, I find I’m not alone in such a situation. What a boring life for us students!
I just don’t agree with my parents about their way of controlling my spare time. Yes, for us students, studying is the most important thing to do. But we can’t be separated from the outside world. Studying all the time, I’m afraid what we are learning can’t match the real world. I don’t want to depress my parents, of course; but I do think that we need to find a way to settle this problem.
讀寫任務(wù)16
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
Every child has his own dream. Every child hopes to be an adult. All of them think it is a good thing to grow up, However, is it truly like what they imagine? As a boy who lives in modern times, I still clearly remember the happiness of my childhood. What a good time we had! We didn’t need to study all the time and our task was to play. We had no worries. Unluckily, we had to face the reality following time’s passing. We began to gradually feel this invisible pressure coming upon us. We had less spare time for playing and had to give more of our time for homework. Our stress was coming! We get up before sunrise and return after sunset. We work and study like an adult, even harder. What we do is in order to get an excellent mark. Oh, growing up is extremely boring. Perhaps each child will have or has had the stress of growing up; the most important thing for us to solve our worries. We must try to find happiness while growing up so that we can get a balance.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1） 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)；
1． 然后以約120個(gè)詞就“成長(zhǎng)是快樂的還是煩惱的” 這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含以下內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分詞數(shù)約120詞。
a) 簡(jiǎn)述你在成長(zhǎng)過程中的快樂或煩惱；
b) 你對(duì)成長(zhǎng)的快樂或煩惱的看法。
[寫作要求]
a) 可以使用實(shí)例或其它論述方法支持你的論點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子;
b) 標(biāo)題自定
[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]
概括準(zhǔn)確、語(yǔ)言規(guī)范、內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。
One possible version:
The writer of the passage tells us that we had enough time to play in our childhood. While we are growing up, worries come upon us and our spare time is less but homework more. So we felt growing up boring.
As far as I am concerned, growing up is really boring. As a teenager, I have to deal with a lot of worries while growing up. I have to go to school very early in the morning and get home very late in the evening. And I have to take all kinds of exams every year. I am also worried about being misunderstood by friends and losing them. Although we face worries, we should seek support from our friends, parents and teacher to solve them and try to find pleasure in growing up. In fact, the path of adolescence is full of sunshine. Why not enjoy the pleasure of growing up and its delicious taste?
讀寫任務(wù)17
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求，寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
China news, Shanghai, October 8--- According to a random survey covering 3,800 elementary and secondary school students in Shanghai, the two groups of students have very different career outlooks. Most pupils dream of starting their own business after graduation, while high school students long for freelancing.
“It’s so cool to be your own boss, and you can decide when to start a day’s work,” said Jay (not his real name), a fifth grade pupil. The hottest topic between him and his classmates is usually about their future careers, and many of them have already had a thorough plan for the future. Jay says that he will start his business with his friends in a few years after graduating from college, when he will have already accumulated some money.
High school students’ choices tend to be more reasonable. Some of them say they will take an ordinary full-time job, while many of them also appreciate the freedom of freelancing: however, most of them will think twice before starting their own businesses, as it is extremely difficult to start a career from scratch.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
上面這篇文章來自中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng)，請(qǐng)你讀后以一名學(xué)生的身份在中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng)發(fā)表意見欄上寫一篇文章，至少包含以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：
1. 以大約30詞概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；
2. 以大約120詞談?wù)勀銈�(gè)人的就業(yè)意向：
1) 你打算以后干什么？說出你選擇的理由；
2) 為了將來的事業(yè)，你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該怎么做。
A possible version:
According to a survey, some elementary and secondary school students in Shanghai hope to start their own business in the future while some others, especially high school students, prefer to take an ordinary job.
I dream of being an excellent doctor after I graduate from university. First, I am told that to be a doctor, I can have a very good income. We have to admit that money is important. With it, I can live more comfortably and provide my child with a better environment. If I have enough money, I can also help the poor. Wouldn’t it be wonderful? More importantly, doctors are angels to the patients, who can help the sick get rid of pain and suffering or even give a second life to the dying. I can’t imagine how great I will feel when seeing a patient recover from the illness and live happily again because of my help.
Now what I should do is to study hard to make sure I can enter a famous medicine university, where I can get the required knowledge and skills to be a good doctor.
讀寫任務(wù)18
閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
I started thinking about this issue at my brother-in-law's 60th birthday party last Saturday. Before we ate the main meal we sat around a table that was loaded with large bowls of snack items - chocolate-covered peanuts, cherries(櫻桃), and a few other things. The eater had to reach into the bowl and grab a handful of snacks and then convey them to the mouth with the other hand. A lot of people were strangers to me and I observed a cat being carried around, a dog being petted, and a number of noses being blown, between eating handfuls of snacks. Ugh!
I started thinking about Chinese table manners. My wife and I will share things from the same plate or cup but we always put serving spoons out with the dishes on the table. We don't frequently use them, though. In my family we use our personal chopsticks to take food from the serving dishes. But we are careful and only touch the food we will eat ourselves.
I have heard of some people who use two sets of chopsticks, one for eating, and one for serving. I have also seen some people who invert their chopsticks, that is, to serve other people with the other ends that haven't touched their lips.
【寫作內(nèi)容】
1． 概括短文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分的詞數(shù)大約為30；
2． 然后以大約120詞，就“Table Manners and Hygiene(衛(wèi)生)”的主題發(fā)表你的看法，并包括以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：
a) 以自己或周圍的人為例，簡(jiǎn)述自己或周圍人的就餐習(xí)慣；.
b) 你如何看待自己或周圍人的有關(guān)就餐習(xí)慣；
c) 出于衛(wèi)生考慮，你覺得是否有必要使用公筷(serving chopsticks)，請(qǐng)說明理由。
【寫作要求】
可以使用實(shí)例或其他論述方法支持你的觀點(diǎn)，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不要
抄襲閱讀材料中的句子；
【評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】
概括的準(zhǔn)確性，語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范性，內(nèi)容的合適性以及篇章的連貫性。
A possible version
Table Manners and Hygiene
This passage describes the author’s experience of witnessing people’s unhealthy table manners at a birthday party, which gave rise to his opinion on the promotion of health and hygiene at dinner.
In terms of table manners and hygiene, people’s habits vary from person to person. Some of them have the preference of stirring the food, hunting for what seems to be their favourite bits, with the aid of their own chopsticks. To show hospitality, some hosts or hostesses frequently feed food into the guest’s dish, ignoring the serving chopsticks or spoons. Worse of all, some diners never hesitate to dig or blow their nose at table, making disgusting noise.
Personally, I am not quite in favour of the above manners, which is very likely to transfer / spread diseases. I absolutely agree with the author that communal or serving chopsticks and spoons are recommended to avoid the transference of any diseases while dining. There is no denying that dining together is the time for intimateness or close relationship between the relevant members or friends. However, the consideration of health and hygiene is significant as well
To conclude, priority should be given to healthy and hygienic manners at table so as to create a pleasant and harmonious dining atmosphere.
讀寫任務(wù)19
閱讀下面的短文, 然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。
My Sports Shoes
These days I have been obssessed with a pair of new sports shoes. Now the bell for class was sending my classmates out of the classroom onto the playground. It was time for a basketball match, my favorite sport. I was on the team which won the game. I got warm congratulations from my classmates. However, I felt pain in both my feet. My old sports shoes were worn out.
I am now in need of a new pair of sports shoes. I have forgotten how many times I have stopped to admire the expensive Nike shoes on the window in Beijing Road.
Two days later, I brought my parents before the window. Mother noticed my eyes fixed on the brand-new Nike and slowly reached into her pocket. Clearly the price was higher than she could offer. She moved her eyes towards my father, who is newly out of job, for his advice. Father dug his fingers into his pockets. “Just enough for a Nike, but we need to save some money for future better use…”
In fact, my classmates will surely see what kind of shoes I wear. They are just what I love, fashionable and comfortable for a good player like me…
Now my parents read the great disappointment in my face…
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)；
2. 然后用120個(gè)詞使用第一人稱寫一篇文章, 為“買運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋”的事情寫一個(gè)結(jié)局，并且包括以下要點(diǎn)：
1）“你”當(dāng)時(shí)的思想感受；
2）“你”的決定與原因。
[寫作要求]
1）文章可參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容, 但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2）題目自定。
[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]
概括準(zhǔn)確, 語(yǔ)言規(guī)范, 內(nèi)容合適, 篇章連貫。
A possible version:
Admiration Comes from Ability Instead of New Shoes
This text is about a student who wants to buy a pair of new shoes. His shoes were worn out and he took his parents to buy a new pair. But hey found the shoe
2009高考英語(yǔ)常用詞匯辨析
A
about around round 作副詞時(shí)都含“四處”、“遍地”的意思。
about 系常用詞, 如:
look about 四處看。
around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短語(yǔ)里 around沒有 about正式, 如:
travel around 各處旅行
round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互換, 但一般用 round時(shí)更簡(jiǎn)練。在正式用語(yǔ)中, 一般用 round指“旋轉(zhuǎn)”, 而用 around指“處處”, “到處”, 如:
She turned round at such a noise. 聽到這樣的吵聲, 她回頭看。
I have been looking for it all around. 我到處都找過了。
另外, 英國(guó)人用 round的地方, 美國(guó)人傾向于用 around, 如:
[英] Winter comes round.
[美] Winter comes around.
above all；after all；at all
above all意為“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入語(yǔ)，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。如：
But above all tell me quickly what I have to do．可首先快些告訴我該做什么。
A clock must above all keeps good time．時(shí)鐘最重要的是必須走得準(zhǔn)。
after all意為“畢竟”、“終究”、“終歸”、“到底”，在句中位置較靈活�？晌挥诰涫�、句中或句末。如：
After all，your birthday is only two weeks away．畢竟，兩周后就是你的生日。
He is，after all，a small child．他畢竟還是個(gè)小孩子。
He failed after all．他終于失敗了。
at all用于否定句時(shí)，意為“絲毫；根本”，用于疑問句時(shí)意為“究竟；到底”，用于條件句時(shí)，常譯為“當(dāng)真；實(shí)在”。用于肯定句中，表示說話人的某種情緒或情感（如懷疑或驚奇等），意為“竟然”等。如：
He doesn’t like you at all．他根本不喜歡你。
Are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做這件事？
If you do it at all，do it well．若你真要做這件事，就得做好。
I was surprised at his coming at all．他竟然來了，我很驚訝。
add; add to; add…to; add up to
add作“加，增加”解時(shí)，既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可用作不及物動(dòng)詞；作“又說，補(bǔ)充說”解時(shí)，與直接或間接引語(yǔ)連用。如：
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water． 如果茶太濃了，再加點(diǎn)開水。
After a short while, he added that he would try his best． 過了一會(huì)兒，他又接著說他會(huì)盡力。
add to意為“增添，增加，增進(jìn)”。如：
The bad weather added to our difficulties． 惡劣的天氣增加了我們的困難。
add．．．to意為“把……加到……”，是把前一項(xiàng)加到后一項(xiàng)之后或之中。如：
Add two to seven, and you will get nine．七加二等于九。
add up to意為“加起來總共是／累計(jì)得”，該短語(yǔ)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
All his school education added up to no more than one year． 他的學(xué)校教育加起來不過一年。
affair; thing; matter; business
affair意為“事情、事件”, 含義較廣，泛指已做或待做的事；復(fù)數(shù)affairs一般指商業(yè)事務(wù)及政府的日常事務(wù)，如財(cái)政管理、外交事務(wù)等。
thing意為“事情、事物”，不管大事小事、好事壞事均稱為thing，一般不能專指事務(wù)；復(fù)數(shù)things還可作“形勢(shì)”解。
matter側(cè)重指須留心的要事或問題、難題。
business作“事務(wù)、事情”解時(shí)，一般不能用復(fù)數(shù)，常常指所指派的任務(wù)、責(zé)任；有時(shí)說的是指派的工作或商業(yè)上的買賣活動(dòng)。
a great deal; a great deal of
a great deal用作名詞，意為“大量”，“許多”，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；用作副詞，意為“很”或“非�！�，作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞或用來強(qiáng)調(diào)比較級(jí)。如：
A great deal has been studied and this is the best way． 經(jīng)過大量研究后，這（被認(rèn)為）是最好的辦法。
We are a great deal cleverer than before． 我們比以前聰明多了。
a great deal of意為“大量的”，“非常多的”，相當(dāng)于much，作定語(yǔ)，后接不可數(shù)名詞。如：
A great deal of time／money／energy has been spent on the project．
大量的時(shí)間／金錢／能源花在那個(gè)工程上了。
agree on；agree to；agree with；agree that
agree on作“就……取得一致意見”解。例如：
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month．
上月，就建一座新汽車廠之事達(dá)成了協(xié)議。
agree to有兩層含義和用法：
其一是to作為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，其后跟動(dòng)詞原形，作“同意（答應(yīng)）做某事”解。
例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me． 父親答應(yīng)給我買支新鋼筆。
其二是to作為介詞，之后跟表示“計(jì)劃／條件／建議等一類的名詞或代詞”。例如：
They have a greed to our plan． 他們已同意我們的計(jì)劃。
agree with作“同意某人的意見”解，其后可跟表示人的名詞或代詞，也可跟表示“意見”或“說的話”的名詞或從句。例如：
He agreed with my opinions． 他同意了我的意見。
We agreed with what he said at the meeting． 我們同意他在會(huì)上講的話。
agree that作“認(rèn)為……”解，其后跟賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I agree that your composition is very good． 我認(rèn)為你的這篇作文寫得不錯(cuò)。
allow；let 二者均可作“允許”解，但各有側(cè)重： allow重在“允許”或“容許”，也可表示客氣的請(qǐng)求。例如： He allowed me to take his dictionary．他允許我拿走他的詞典。 Will you allow me to use your bike？ 我可以用你的自行車嗎？ let作“允許”或“讓”解，主要用于口語(yǔ)，一般可與allow互換。作“允許”解時(shí)，常暗含“聽任”、“默許”之意；作“讓”解時(shí)，常含“祈使”或“建議”之意。注意：let之后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to，且不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而allow則相反。例如： Please let me walk with you（＝Please allow me to walk with you．）．我（請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我）跟你一起走。注：allow常用于allow sb．to do sth．或allow doing sth．結(jié)構(gòu)中。
although; though; as
三者均可表示“盡管；雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。although用法較正式，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)；though較常用；as則主要用于倒裝句。它們的用法有如下幾點(diǎn)值得注意：
狀語(yǔ)從句由although, though或as引導(dǎo)，主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列連詞，但可有yet或still等副詞。although與though�？苫Q。例如：
Although／Though he believes it, yet he will not act． 他雖然相信它，但卻不肯有所行動(dòng)。
as表示“盡管；雖然”，只能用于倒裝句，即：將表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在as之前。though也可這么用。例如：
Young as／though he is, he knows a lot． 他雖然年紀(jì)不大，卻懂得很多。
注意：如果表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞，要省略a。例如：
Child as／though he is, he can speak two foreign languages． 雖然他是個(gè)孩子，但他會(huì)說兩門外語(yǔ)。
though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，although卻不能。例如：
They said they would come; they did not, though． 他們說他們會(huì)來，可是他們并沒有來。
although只用來陳述“事實(shí)”，不能表示“假設(shè)”。因此可以說even though“即使”以及as though“好像(＝as if)”，不能說even although或as although。例如：
I believe you are on duty―even though you’re in plain clothes． 盡管你穿著便衣，我相信你是在值勤。
among／between
這兩個(gè)介詞都有“在……之間”的意思。between常用于兩者之間；among一般指三者或三者以上之間。若指三個(gè)以上人或物中的每?jī)蓚�(gè)之間時(shí)，仍然要用between。
例如：The girl walked between her father and mother．這個(gè)女孩走在她父親和母親之間。
She is the tallest among her classmates．她在她同學(xué)之間是最高的。
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany．
瑞士位于法國(guó)、意大利、奧地利和德國(guó)之間。
argue debate dispute 都含“辯論”的意思。
argue 著重“說理”、“論證”和“企圖說服”, 如:
I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason.
我和她辯論了好久, 但她還是不聽。
debate 著重“雙方各述己見”, 內(nèi)含“交鋒”的意思, 如:
We have been debating about the issue. 我們一直在就這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行辯論。
dispute 指“激烈爭(zhēng)辯”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解決”之意,如:
Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed. 他是否當(dāng)選為主席, 仍然有爭(zhēng)論。
argue；quarrel；discuss
這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞均有“爭(zhēng)”的意思，但“爭(zhēng)”法不同。
argue著重就自己的看法或觀點(diǎn)，提出論證，同他人“爭(zhēng)論”或“辯論”。例如：
We heard them arguing in the other room．我們聽見他們?cè)诹硪粋�(gè)房間里爭(zhēng)論。
另外，argue同with搭配，其后接人；與about連用，其后接事物。例如：
We argued with them about this problem for a long time．這個(gè)問題我們同他們辯論了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
quarrel是指對(duì)某事不喜歡或強(qiáng)烈不滿而發(fā)生的“爭(zhēng)吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配，其后接某人；和about連用，其后接某事。例如：
He often quarrels about their housework with his wife．他常為家務(wù)事同妻子爭(zhēng)吵。
discuss是指認(rèn)真交換自己的意見或看法的“討論”。例如：
We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow．明天我們將討論冠詞的用法。
as (so) far as; as (so) long as
as（so）far as的意思是“就……而言（所知）”，as (so) far as sth．is concerned是其中一種具體用法，意為“就某事而言”；as (so) long as意為“只要”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs．
就我所知，一千多萬下崗工人已經(jīng)找到了新的工作。
There is nothing that we can’t do so ／ as long as we keep on trying to do it．
只要我們不斷地努力去做，就沒有什么事干不成。
As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go．
就中國(guó)的旅游業(yè)而言，需要做的工作還很多。
asleep／sleeping 二者都是形容詞。asleep僅用作表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)，表示“睡著，熟睡”的意思；而sleeping一般只能用作定語(yǔ)，放在名詞前，表示“睡眠中的，休止的”意思。
如：我們不能說：an asleep baby，但可以說：a sleeping baby（一個(gè)熟睡的嬰兒）。
再如：He was asleep with his head on his arms．他頭枕著手臂在熟睡。
asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car臥車 sleeping bag睡袋
assert，affirm，maintain assert宣稱、斷言，常指某人主觀自信，堅(jiān)持己見，有時(shí)不顧客觀事實(shí)而斷言下結(jié)論。 affirm指以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，深信不疑地肯定某種觀點(diǎn)或看法。 maintain指在相反的證據(jù)或論點(diǎn)面前，重申原來的某種觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)。
A．Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ＿＿＿ that he had been at home all evening．
B．It is nonsense to ＿＿＿ that smoking does not damage people’s health．
C．Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ＿＿＿ his innocence．
Answers：A.affirmed B.assert C.maintained
as though；even though；though
as though（＝as if），意為“好像；似乎”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句。如：
He spoke as though（as if）he had been here before．他說話的口氣好像他以前來過這里。
It looks as if（as though）it is going to rain．看起來好像要下雨。
even though（＝even if），意為“即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。though也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“雖然”；even though有退一步設(shè)想的意味，與though不同。though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的是事實(shí)，even though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的則不一定是事實(shí)。例如：
He will not tell the secret even though（even if）he knows it．即使他知道這個(gè)秘密，他也不肯說出來。
He will not tell the secret though he knows it．他雖然知道這個(gè)秘密，但他不會(huì)說出來。
at the beginning；in the beginning at the beginning 在……初；在……開始的時(shí)候。常與of連用。例如： Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term． 學(xué)生們?cè)陂_學(xué)初制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。 in the beginning 相當(dāng)于at first，表示“起初、開始”時(shí)，含“起初是這種情況，而后來卻不是這種情況”之意，不與of連用。例如： In the beginning，some of us took no interest in physics． 起初我們有些人對(duì)物理不感興趣。
attack assail assault charge beset
都含有"攻擊"的意思。
attack 是常用詞, 指"攻擊敵人"或"用言論攻擊他人", 如:
Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德國(guó)在1941年開始進(jìn)攻蘇聯(lián)。
assail 指"猛烈連續(xù)地攻擊", 如:
The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敵機(jī)不斷猛烈地攻擊我們的陣地。
assault 語(yǔ)氣比 assail強(qiáng), 指"突然猛烈地進(jìn)攻", 暗示"武力的直接接觸" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如：The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敵人在黎明時(shí)向我進(jìn)攻。
charge 指"沖擊"或"騎兵的突然攻擊", 如:
The cavalry charged to the front. 騎兵猛烈向前線沖擊。
beset 指"圍攻", 即從各個(gè)方向攻擊, 如：
In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼澤地里, 我們受到蚊子的圍攻。
at the age of／by the age of at the age of表示“在……歲時(shí)”，后面接基數(shù)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)某一時(shí)刻的情況或動(dòng)作，用于一般過去時(shí)，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：
At the age of six，he began to learn English．他六歲的時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
She learned to play the piano at the age often．她十歲的時(shí)候?qū)W彈鋼琴。
by the age of表示“到……歲的時(shí)候”、“在……歲以前”，后面接基數(shù)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)到某一時(shí)刻為止的結(jié)果，用于過去完成時(shí)或?qū)硗瓿蓵r(shí)，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：
By the age of sixteen，he had learned to drive a car．到十六歲的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了開小汽車。
You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen．
到你十四歲的時(shí)候，你將學(xué)會(huì)2000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time
at the time通常用于過去時(shí)句子中，指某件事情發(fā)生的“當(dāng)時(shí)”、“那時(shí)”。例如：
Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time． 當(dāng)時(shí)，許多人都看到了這件奇怪的事情的發(fā)生。
有時(shí)，at the time的后面可接“of．．．”短語(yǔ)。這時(shí)，它表示“在（某事態(tài)）發(fā)生的時(shí)候”或“在……的時(shí)代”。例如：
Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989?
1989年舊金山發(fā)生地震時(shí)，你在那里嗎？
It happened at the time of King Alfred． 事情發(fā)生在阿爾弗雷德國(guó)王時(shí)期。
at that time 則通常指前文明確提到的某個(gè)時(shí)期、時(shí)候。通常其后不帶“of．．．”短語(yǔ)。例如：
In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan．At that time
(＝At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded．
at one time＝during a period of time in the past意為“過去有一段時(shí)期”，“曾經(jīng)”。例如：
They used to be good friends at one time． 他們?cè)?jīng)是好朋友。
at a time則意為“一次”，表示一個(gè)時(shí)間單位。它常與表示數(shù)量的詞語(yǔ)連用，表示頻率。例如：
Don’t speak all at once．One at a time, please． 不要同時(shí)一起說。一次只一個(gè)人說。
Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time． 這些藥每天服三次，每次服三粒。
at ．．． speed ／ with ．．． speed
at the speed of或者at ．．． speed，意為“以……的速度”。而當(dāng)speed被all, lightning, great等修飾時(shí)，介詞應(yīng)用with。我們可用一句口訣來幫助記憶：都（all）以閃電般（lightning）大（great）的速度行駛。如：
Our car was running with all speed on the expressway． 我們的車在高速公路上全速行駛。
The Long March No．2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11．2 kilometers per second． 長(zhǎng)征二號(hào)火箭以每秒鐘11．2公里的速度將衛(wèi)星發(fā)射到太空。
B
這四個(gè)詞都是表示原因或理由的連接詞，但是as，because，since是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，for是并列連詞，所引導(dǎo)的不是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而是表示理由的對(duì)等句子，是對(duì)前面所講內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充和說明。在語(yǔ)氣上由強(qiáng)至弱依次為because→since→as→for。because引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示產(chǎn)生那種結(jié)果的必然的因果關(guān)系，在回答why的提問時(shí)，必須用because作答。 because／since／as／for
如：We stayed at home because it rained．因?yàn)橄掠晡覀兇粼诩依铩?
as與since引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句首，不過as表示十分明顯的原因，只說明一般的因果關(guān)系，可譯為“因?yàn)�、由于”；而since則表示稍加分析、對(duì)方已知的原因，一般可譯為“既然”。如：
As he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone．由于他身體欠佳，我決定獨(dú)自去那里。
Since everyone is here，let's start．既然大家都到了，咱們就開始吧。
for引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句末，其前用逗號(hào)，它所敘述的理由是間接的，即推測(cè)性理由，或是對(duì)前面敘述的事實(shí)或看法的補(bǔ)充說明。如：
There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off．
教室里一定沒有人，因?yàn)闊魷缌�。（推測(cè)性理由）
believe；believe in
believe作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后可跟名詞，表示“相信”；后接從句或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示“認(rèn)為；料想；相信”等。如：
I believe what he says．我相信他的話。
I believe that he will succeed．我相信他會(huì)成功的。
believe in 是一個(gè)動(dòng)介型短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示“信奉；信仰”（指對(duì)某種思想、主張、觀念、行動(dòng)具有信心）和“信任（have trust in）”。如：
They believe in God．他們信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of exercise．我相信多鍛煉有好處。
believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名詞或代詞，但含義不同。試比較：
I believe in him（I think he is a frustworthy man）．我信任他。
I believe him．（I believe what he says）．我相信他的話。
belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。
belief 指“承認(rèn)某事是真的, 盡管有或沒有確鑿的證據(jù)”, 如:
belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。
faith 指“認(rèn)為有確鑿證據(jù)或道理而完全相信”, 如:
I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
trust 指“信賴”、“信任”, 含有“堅(jiān)定的信念”的意思, 如:
enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。
confidence 指“在有證據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:
She has great confidence in her success. 她對(duì)自己的成功充滿信心。
besides；except；but
三者都可以用作介詞。用于肯定句中時(shí)，except／but意為“除……外（不再有）”；besides意為“除……外（還有）”。請(qǐng)比較：
All of them have seen the film except／but Wu Dong． 除了吳東外，他們都看過了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong． 除了吳東看過那部影片外，他們也都看過了。
except后接名詞、代詞、－ing或不定式時(shí)，可以與but互換；except后接副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般不能為but所替換。如：
I’ll do everything except／but cook． 除了做飯，我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer． 除了在夏天，這個(gè)窗子從不打開。
用在否定句中，三者可以互換。如：
There aren’t any other people to do the work except／but／besides you．
除了你，沒人能做這工作。
be be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”，其中to是不定式符號(hào)，后面接動(dòng)詞原形；
be anxious for表示“渴望”，后面接名詞或代詞時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事；后面接sb．to do sth．時(shí)，表示“渴望某人能做某事”，其中for sb．to do sth．是不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
be anxious be anxious about 表示“對(duì)…感到不安”、“為…擔(dān)心”、“為…憂慮”； that表示“渴望”，后面接從句，that從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；
[EXERCISES]
①I ＿＿＿＿ the result of the examination．
②We ＿＿＿＿ know the result of the examination．
③We ＿＿＿＿ Mr Liu to help us with our English．
④Mr Li ＿＿＿＿ a new car．
⑤They ＿＿＿＿ arrive home before dark．
(Key: ①am anxious about／for ②are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)
1) The girl ＿＿＿＿ a new dictionary． 2) All the students ＿＿＿＿ their results of this examination． 3) Everyone ＿＿＿＿＿ know their results of the competition． 4) We ＿＿＿＿ Mr Zhao to return． 5) We ＿＿＿＿＿ she should do her best．
Key: 1) was／is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4）are anxious for
5） are anxious that
be known as； be known for； be known to； be known in
be known as 意為“作為……而著名”，其后的名詞表示一個(gè)人的身份、職業(yè)等。如：
Liu Huan is known as a singer．劉歡作為一個(gè)歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist．我們相信你會(huì)成為一位著名的畫家。
be known for 意為“因……而著名”，其后所接內(nèi)容表示某人或物的特點(diǎn)、特長(zhǎng)等。如：
Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers．桂林因其美麗的山水而聞名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day．
蓋爾多夫先生因在同一天組織兩場(chǎng)大型的流行音樂會(huì)而出名。
be known to “為……所了解／知道”，其后接表示人的詞語(yǔ)�！埃ㄈ藗兌迹┲馈�，其后接動(dòng)詞原形。如：
He is known to all in our village．村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many things．＝It was known that he had invented many things．
人們都知道他已經(jīng)發(fā)明了很多東西。
be known in 意為“在某地很著名”。如：
He is well-known in the town where he was born． 他在自己出生的那個(gè)鎮(zhèn)子上很出名。
be made of／be made in／be made from／be made by／be be made be made of表示“由……制成”，指從原料到制成品，只發(fā)生了形狀變化，沒有發(fā)生本質(zhì)變化（屬物理變化）。 made up of be madein當(dāng)后面接時(shí)間的數(shù)詞或名詞時(shí)，表示“某物何時(shí)制造的或何時(shí)產(chǎn)的”。當(dāng)后面接指地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，表示“某地產(chǎn)某物”。 be madefrom表示“由……制成”，指從原料到制成品，發(fā)生了質(zhì)的變化，已無法復(fù)原（屬化學(xué)變化）。 be made upby表示“由……制做”，后面接指人的名詞或代詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 of表示“由……構(gòu)成（組成）”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)由兩部分或兩個(gè)以上的部分構(gòu)成或組成。
【練習(xí)】用be made in，be made of，be made from，be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike Tianjin． ②This table wood． ③The car
1999． ④Paper wood． ⑤The kite my mother． ⑥The team ten members．
【Keys】was made in； is made of ；was made in be used for／be used as／be used by；is made from；was made by；is made up of be used be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用來作……”，后面接名詞或v－ing，其中for表示目的。 be usedas表示“作為……而用”或“用作……”，后面接名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式，強(qiáng)調(diào)使用的工具及手段。 by表示“由……使用”，后面接指人的名詞或代詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)使用者。
【練習(xí)】用be used for，be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone better communication（交流）． ②The motorbike Liu Ming． ③A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open．
【Keys】is used for；is used by；is,used as
be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1) The manager ＿＿＿ you before．
2) My boss must ＿＿＿ see you again in HongKong．
3) I ＿＿＿ seeing so many students present．
4) I hear Mr Zhao ＿＿＿ your article．
析： ①was pleased with。表示“對(duì)……滿意；喜歡……”后面通常接指人的名詞或代詞。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高興或很樂意做某事”，其中to是不定式符號(hào)，后面接動(dòng)詞原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at（或about）表示“對(duì)（看到或聽到的）事感到高興，”后面接指事的名詞或v－ing。 ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。
be to do sth；be about to do sth；be going to do sth．
be to do sth．表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后可跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock．十點(diǎn)鐘以前你得交上試卷。
be about to do sth．表示打算或安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，它通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door．我正要出去，這時(shí)有人敲門。
be going to do sth．有三層含義：
①表示打算、計(jì)劃或決定要做某事。如：
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year． 今年我們打算到威爾士度假。
②用以表示某事物即將發(fā)生或很可能發(fā)生。如：
I'm going to be twenty next month． 下個(gè)月我就二十歲了。
③有跡象表明即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm． 瞧那些烏云，暴風(fēng)雨就要來了。
beat; strike; hit
strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的；還有“打動(dòng)、使……著迷、某種想法突然閃現(xiàn)在腦海里”的含義；也可指“打、擦出（火），（蛇、獸）抓，咬，或（鐘）敲響”。
hit指“打中”或“對(duì)準(zhǔn)……來打”，“敲打或打擊對(duì)方的某一點(diǎn)”。
beat著重“連續(xù)地打擊”。如：毆打或體罰；也指在游戲、競(jìng)賽或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中擊敗對(duì)方；也指“心跳”。
blame; scold
blame“責(zé)備；責(zé)怪”，指某人應(yīng)對(duì)自己不好的行為負(fù)責(zé)（常與for連用），或?qū)⒛臣缓玫氖虑闅w咎于他人（常與on或upon連用），往往含有把自己當(dāng)作評(píng)判人來評(píng)判某事，沒有用言語(yǔ)來進(jìn)行責(zé)罵的意思。例如：
He blamed Tom for the failure． 他責(zé)怪湯姆造成了失敗。
Don't blame it on him, but on me． 別怪他，該怪我。
scold“責(zé)罵”，指嘮嘮叨叨地?cái)?shù)說某人，多用于上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)、長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩的“責(zé)罵”。例如：
Don't scold the child．It's not his fault． 不要責(zé)罵那孩子，這不是他的過失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night．
我不喜歡斥責(zé)，孩子，可你不該呆在外面那么晚不回家。
blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”；blow blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over in表示“吹進(jìn)”、“吹入”；blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“發(fā)泄”；blow over表示“?暴風(fēng)雨?吹散”、“過去”、“結(jié)束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday ＿＿＿＿＿ thousands of trees． 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon ＿＿＿＿＿． 3) I had my hat ＿＿＿＿ by the wind． 4) A lot of dust ＿＿＿＿．You must clear it away． Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through
break up表示“打碎”、“變壞”、“分解”、“終止”、“破裂”。
break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失敗”、“出故障”、“破壞”、“拆毀”。
break out表示“爆發(fā)”、“突然發(fā)生”。
break into表示“強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入”、“闖入”、“破門而入”、“打斷（談話、討論）”、“突然……起來”。
break in表示“闖入”、“打斷”、“插嘴”，其中in是副詞。
break away表示“脫逃”、“脫離”、“突然離開”、“革除”、“戒除”，常與from連用。
break through表示“戰(zhàn)勝”、“突圍”、“穿過……而出現(xiàn)”、“突破”。
［練］
①He said his computer ＿＿＿＿＿．
②Those old cars will be ＿＿＿＿ for scrap(廢鐵)．
③Last night somebody ＿＿＿＿ Mr Brown's house and took away many things．
④A fire ＿＿＿＿ after we had gone home．
⑤The boy often ＿＿＿＿ while his parents are speaking．
⑥You must ＿＿＿＿ from bad habits．
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ＿＿＿＿ the clouds．
⑧A thief ＿＿＿＿ and stole a lot of things last night．
⑨Tom ＿＿＿＿the motor bike which he bought five years ago．
⑩The ice began to ＿＿＿＿ on the river．
(Key:①had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in
⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up)
bring on；bring in；bring out
bring on 使發(fā)生；引起；端上（飯菜）。如：
Tom often brings on meals and his brother，Jim picks up the dishes after meals．
湯姆常常端上飯菜，（而）他弟弟吉姆飯后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again． 天氣突然變冷，使他再次感冒。
bring in 引來；引進(jìn)；吸收。如：
His new business brings in 1，000 dollars． 他的新生意使他賺了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English． 我們也從英語(yǔ)中吸收了一些詞匯。
bring out 取出；說出；闡明；出版。如：
He brought out his gun and pointed at me．他掏出槍來指著我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly．請(qǐng)把意思講清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s books．他們出版了一套兒童讀物。
bring bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in bring bring back表示“使回想起”、“歸還”、“帶回來”；down表示“使倒下”、“減少”、“降低（價(jià)格、溫度）”； bring in表示“把．．．．．．引進(jìn)來”、“賺入”、“獲利”、“把．．．．．．拿進(jìn)來”、“吸收”。up表示“嘔吐出”、“養(yǎng)育”；
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing ＿＿＿＿＿
memories of my mother． 2) They also ＿＿＿＿ some
words from their own languages． 3) The wind ＿＿＿＿ a
number of trees． 4) He ＿＿＿＿＿ all he had eaten． 5)
Can you try to get them to ＿＿＿＿ the price? 6)
All library books must be ＿＿＿＿ before June 25． 7) Mr
White ＿＿＿＿ ＄
broad; wide
兩者都表示兩邊或兩點(diǎn)之間的距離都有“寬的”之意， 但broad著重某物覆蓋面的范圍 (如肩、背、胸等的寬)，還可表示“寬宏大量”；wide著重指邊沿間相隔的距離以及“廣泛”之意。如：
Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.
看著那個(gè)新型相機(jī)，那個(gè)肩寬背闊的年輕人驚奇得張大了嘴巴。
He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure．
他是個(gè)心胸寬廣的人；決不會(huì)因?yàn)槟敲匆淮涡⌒〉氖《械绞?/p>
這兩個(gè)連詞都有“但是，可是，然而”之意。but連接兩個(gè)分句或有關(guān)部分，表示轉(zhuǎn)折或邏輯上的對(duì)比關(guān)系，使用最廣，口語(yǔ)中更為常見。如： but／however
We love peace but we are not afraid of war．我們熱愛和平，但我們并不害怕戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
however轉(zhuǎn)折意味比but弱，連接的兩個(gè)分句或有關(guān)部分的關(guān)系較為松弛，后一部分常起附帶說明或襯托作用。however常以插入語(yǔ)形式出現(xiàn)在句子中間，前后用逗號(hào)隔開，也可置于句首或句末。如：
Later，however，he decided to go．可是后來他決定去了。
by oneself；oneself
by oneself＝alone，without help。強(qiáng)調(diào)“在無他人或他物的情況下”或“無幫助的情況下”；
oneself作同位語(yǔ)，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)本人。
試比較：
If you come to my house，I’ll cook for you myself．
如果你來我家，我將親自下廚。（強(qiáng)調(diào)親手為你做飯）
Can you cook by yourself now？ 你現(xiàn)在能單獨(dú)做飯了嗎？（強(qiáng)調(diào)無他人協(xié)作）
by sea；by the sea
by sea意為“走海路；坐輪船”，其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式，by與名詞間不可用冠詞；by the sea意為“在海邊”，其中by表示“在……旁邊”，by與后面的名詞間常有冠詞修飾。如：
They will go to America by sea． 他們將坐輪船去美國(guó)。
There is a small village by the sea．海邊有個(gè)小村莊。
請(qǐng)比較下面類似有這樣區(qū)別的短語(yǔ)：
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘輪船旁邊
by land 從陸路 by the land 在岸邊（在陸地旁邊）
by taxi 乘出租車 by the taxi 在出租車旁邊
by road 從陸路 by the road 在路邊
D
daily; everyday; every day daily用作名詞意為“日?qǐng)?bào)” 如：China everyday意為“每日的、日常的”，在句中作定語(yǔ)。everydayDaily《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》用作形容詞，意同everyday；用作副詞意同everyday。 everyEnglish＝daily English日常英語(yǔ)；everyday life＝daily life日常生活。 day（分開寫）意為“每天”，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如： He comes here every day．＝He comes here daily．他每天來這兒。
damage; destroy; ruin
這三個(gè)詞都有“破壞；損壞”的意思，區(qū)別如下：
damage意為“損壞、破壞”。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品，一般暗示損壞后價(jià)值或效益會(huì)降低，這種損壞是部分性的，通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴(yán)重，還可以修復(fù)再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西,有時(shí)該詞也用于借喻。如：
The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt．
汽車在事故中損壞不嚴(yán)重，但卻有五個(gè)人受了重傷。
Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness．長(zhǎng)期生病使她的心臟受到輕度損傷。
What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries．
他們的言行損害了這兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系。
Smoking has damaged his health badly． 吸煙嚴(yán)重地?fù)p害了他的健康。
damage還可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：
The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city．這場(chǎng)地震給這座城市帶來了巨大的破壞。
destroy意為“破壞；摧毀；消滅；毀滅”，通常指程度非常嚴(yán)重的“毀壞”，一般情況下不可以修復(fù)再用。另外，它既可表示毀壞具體的物品，也可表示毀壞抽象的東西。如：
The big fire destroyed the whole house． 這場(chǎng)大火把整座房子都燒毀了。
The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of people． 納粹想摧毀人民的希望，最終是納粹的夢(mèng)想被人民的力量所摧毀。
ruin多用于借喻之中，有時(shí)泛指一般性的破壞，指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度。如：
My new coat is ruined．我的外套不能再穿了。
The rain will ruin the crops．這雨會(huì)把莊稼毀掉的。
I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man?我被那場(chǎng)官司毀了，我破產(chǎn)了。
damp wet dank moist humid 都含"潮濕的"意思。
damp指"輕度潮濕, 使人感覺不舒服的", 如:
I don't like damp weather. 我不喜歡潮濕的天氣。
wet 指"含水分或其他液體的"、"濕的", 如:
be wet to the skin 渾身濕透。
dank 指"陰濕的", 如:
a dark dank and chilly cave 一個(gè)既黑暗又潮濕、又陰冷的洞。
moist指"微濕的"、"濕潤(rùn)的", 常含"不十分干, 此濕度是令人愉快的"意思, 如:
Grasses were moist with dew. 草被露水潤(rùn)濕了。
humid為正式用語(yǔ), 常表示"空氣中濕度大的", 如:
In the east, the air is humid in summer. 在東方, 夏季空氣潮濕。
day by day; day after day
day by day意為“一天一天地”，“逐日”，表示事情的逐漸變化過程。該短語(yǔ)只能作狀語(yǔ)。如：
It's getting colder day by day．天氣一天天冷了起來。
The boy is getting better day by day．那孩子一天天好了起來。
day after day意為“日復(fù)一日”、“一天又一天”，表示一個(gè)重復(fù)（周而復(fù)始或循環(huán)重復(fù)）的動(dòng)作或事件。該短語(yǔ)可作主語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。如：
Day after day went by, and still no message arrived．日子一天天過去，仍然杳無音訊。
I have to do the work day after day．我得天天做這項(xiàng)工作。
deal with; do with; get rid of
get rid of表示“處理”，側(cè)重“消滅；擺脫或清除”；deal with和do with側(cè)重“處理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接賓語(yǔ)，deal的后面不接賓語(yǔ)；do with常與what連用，deal with常與how連用。
［練］
①If they are not coming, we can ＿＿＿ the tickets．
②How did they ＿＿＿＿ matters of this sort?
③What did you ＿＿＿＿ the broken car?
④Mr Zhang wrote a book ＿＿＿＿ life in England．
⑤We should ＿＿＿＿ the weeds in the fields．
(Key: ①get rid of ②deal with ③do with ④dealing with ⑤get rid of)
demonstrate demonstrate，illustrate 證明，論證，以科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度，通過推理、辯論或提供證據(jù)來證明事物的正謬。illustrate 指用實(shí)物、圖片等進(jìn)行說明，illustrate后常用介詞by，with。
A．The lecturer ＿＿＿＿ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard．
B．To ＿＿＿＿ his arguments，he showed us a lot of facts．
C．These figures clearly ＿＿＿ the size of the economic problem facing the country．
Answers：A.illustrated B.demonstrate C.demonstrate
discover；invent；find；find out
invent意為“發(fā)明”，指通過勞動(dòng)運(yùn)用聰明才智“發(fā)明／創(chuàng)造”出以前從未存在過的新事物。
Who invented the telephone？ 是誰發(fā)明電話的？
He invented a new teaching method．他發(fā)明了一種新的教學(xué)方法。
find意為“找到、發(fā)現(xiàn)”，指找到或發(fā)現(xiàn)自己所需要的東西或丟失的東西，著重指找到的結(jié)果。
We've found oil under the South Sea．我們已在南海發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。
They finally found a way． 他們終于找到了辦法。
discover意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”， 表示“偶然”或“經(jīng)過努力”發(fā)現(xiàn)客觀存在的事物、真理或錯(cuò)誤，即指發(fā)現(xiàn)原來客觀存在但不為人所知的事物，也可表示發(fā)現(xiàn)已為人所知的事物的新的性質(zhì)或用途。
Columbus discovered America in1492． 哥倫布1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。
We soon discovered the truth． 我們很快就弄清了真相。
find out指經(jīng)過研究或詢問查明某事或真相。
[EXERCISES]
1．Edison ＿＿＿＿ the electric lamp．
2．I lost my necklace last night．I haven’t ＿＿＿＿ it．
3．Who ＿＿＿＿ America first？
4．Can you ＿＿＿＿ what time the train leaves？
ANSWER: 1．invented 2．found 3．discovered 4．find out
都含“丟人”、“恥辱”的意思。 disgrace dishonor shame infamy scandal
disgrace 指“失去別人的尊敬”、“因自己或別人的行為所產(chǎn)生的恥辱感”, 如:
He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior. 他因?yàn)樾袨椴粰z而為人所不齒。
dishonor指“因自己的言行而喪失自尊或玷辱名譽(yù)”, 如:
His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family. 他的投敵行為對(duì)他的家庭是恥辱。
shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞恥”, 如
I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我認(rèn)為那樣浪費(fèi)太可恥了。infamy指“聲名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如:
His name will live in infamy. 他的名字將遺臭萬年。
scandal指“引起公憤的行為”、“丑事”, 如
Iran Scandal 伊朗丑聞(指美國(guó)向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批評(píng))。
E
ever before；ever since；ever after
ever since意為“從……之后一直”，其中的since既可作副詞，也可作連詞，該短語(yǔ)與完成時(shí)連用。有時(shí)ever可以省略。
ever before意為“比以往任何時(shí)候”，其中的before為副詞，常與比較級(jí)連用并放在than之后。ever用來加強(qiáng)before的語(yǔ)氣，before有時(shí)可以省略。
ever after意為“從那以后”，其中的after可作連詞，也可作副詞，該短語(yǔ)常與過去時(shí)連用。
[EXERCISES]
1．He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ＿＿＿＿．
2．The flowers grow more beautiful than ＿＿＿＿．
3．The couple lived a hard life ＿＿＿＿．
ANSWER: 1.ever since 2．ever before 3．ever after
except／but 二者意思均為：除……之外。except強(qiáng)調(diào)所除外的人（或事物）；而but則將重點(diǎn)置于其他人（或事物）。
如：We all passed the exam except Tom．除了湯姆沒及格外，我們都及格了。（湯姆一人不及格）
Nobody knew her name but me．除我以外，沒有人知道他的名字。（強(qiáng)調(diào)除“我”知道外，其他人都不知道）
except前常有all，any，every，no及其復(fù)合詞等；but也常與no，nobody，nothing，all，anywhere等詞連用。二者后都可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞的ing形式和原形動(dòng)詞，可以互換；但except后還可跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等，此時(shí)，不能用but來代替。
如：He answered all the questions except／but the last one．除最后一個(gè)問題沒答外，其余問題他都答了。
He has always been in high spirits except recently．除近來外，他總是精神飽滿。（except后跟副詞）
The window is never opened except in summer．除夏季外，這扇窗戶從來不開。（except后跟介詞短語(yǔ)）
except，but用于否定句時(shí)，可以互換。
如：There aren't any other people to be considered except／but you．除你之外，其他人將不予考慮。
G
gather round; gather in; gather up; gather from
gather round表示“聚集在……周圍”、“聚集在一起”。
gather in表示“收獲?莊稼?”。
gather up表示“收拾起來”、“抱起來”。
gather from表示“從……推測(cè)”、“從……推想”，后面與that－clause連用。
［練］
①I ＿＿＿＿ her letter that she is very happy now．
②The students in our class ＿＿＿＿ Mr Wang．
③You'd better ＿＿＿＿ your books and put them away．
④The farmers ＿＿＿＿ the wheat now．
⑤All the workers ＿＿＿＿ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all．?
(Key: ①gather from ②gathered round ③gather up ④are gathering in ⑤gathered round)
get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee get away from及run away escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；(from)這幾個(gè)詞均可表示“逃”，但含義有別： flee強(qiáng)調(diào)“逃”這一動(dòng)作急促或迅速，不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。選用時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的含義來定。如：from表示“逃”的動(dòng)作或行為，含有動(dòng)作快速而敏捷之意，多用于口語(yǔ)中； The bird has escaped from the cage．那只鳥逃出鳥籠了。 He ran away／got away／escaped from the fire．他從火災(zāi)中逃出來了。 He fled (from) the burning house．他從燃燒的房子中逃出。 另外，表示“從某處抽身”，一般用get away from。如： I’m afraid she can’t get away from the give give up； give in； give out meeting． 我恐怕她很難從會(huì)議中抽身。 giveup指行為或努力受挫或別的原因而主動(dòng)放棄，可用作及物動(dòng)詞，跟名詞或v－ing作賓語(yǔ)；也可作不及物動(dòng)詞； give out意為“用完；耗盡；體力不支”，是不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：in指不再堅(jiān)持自己的行為或觀點(diǎn)等，而按別人的要求去做，一般作不及物動(dòng)詞；
①The wind was strong and the waves were big，so he had to give up attempting／his attempt to swim the channel．風(fēng)急浪高，他只好放棄橫渡海峽的打算。
②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way．
除有兩個(gè)中途放棄外，?其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比賽的全程。
③As neither of the two sides would give in，the agreement fell through．
由于雙方都不肯讓步，所以沒能達(dá)成協(xié)議。
④After a long journey，my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther．
走了很長(zhǎng)的路，我已筋疲力盡，再也走不動(dòng)了。
glance; stare; glare
這組動(dòng)詞都與“看”有關(guān)。glance意為“匆匆一瞥”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后必須接介詞at, over等才可以接賓語(yǔ)。如：
1) He glanced at his watch．他匆匆看了一下手表。
2) She glanced down the list of names． 她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名單。
stare意為“凝視”，它也是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，其后通常接介詞at才能接賓語(yǔ)。如：
She stared at him in surprise．她驚訝地瞪著他看。
He was staring out to the sea． 他凝目眺望大海。
glare意為“怒視；瞪眼”，也是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后要接介詞at后才能接賓語(yǔ)。如：
They stood glaring at each other．他們互相怒目而視地站著。
go on to do sth；go on doing sth．；go on with sth． go go on to do sth．表示“接著做另一件事”，即接下去做與原來不同的一件事；這三個(gè)短語(yǔ)都有繼續(xù)做某事的意思，但在含義上有所不同。 go on withon doing sth…表示“繼續(xù)不停地做某事或間斷后繼續(xù)做原來沒有做完的事”； sth．表示“間斷后繼續(xù)做原來沒有做完的事”，其后一般接代詞作賓語(yǔ)。通常情況下，go on doing sth．和go on with sth．可互換。例如： After they had read the text，the students went on to do the exercises． 讀完課文后，學(xué)生們繼續(xù)做練習(xí)。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way． 一路上學(xué)生們一直有說有笑。 After a rest，we went on with our lesson（＝After a rest，we went on having our lesson．）． 休息以后，我們繼續(xù)上課。
H
habit, practice, custom, convention這組名詞一般含義為“習(xí)慣”。
habit指?jìng)�(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”，通常用于表示做事、思考問題或行為舉止的不自覺的方式方法
That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
這證明是我的失敗，因?yàn)槲也痪镁突氐皆陔娨暺聊磺按蝾膲牧?xí)慣去了。
practice 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會(huì)的“習(xí)慣”，這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat――the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
在另一方面，一想到用動(dòng)物油煎馬鈴薯，你便會(huì)作嘔。然而在許多北歐國(guó)家里，這是為大家接受的通常習(xí)慣。
She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out.
她慢慢地走進(jìn)廳堂，并且立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的房門都是開著的。但是按照她自己的一般習(xí)慣，她在外出前總是把門全部關(guān)好的。
custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含義，此外，custom 還包含這樣一層意思：長(zhǎng)期而廣泛采用的行為或方法，即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范，它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義，而且具有必須遵循的意義
Don't be a slave to custom. 不要做風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的奴隸。
From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.
一個(gè)人從誕生的那一時(shí)刻起，他降生后所處的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣便給他的閱歷和行為定型。
convention 其實(shí)是其他3個(gè)詞的近義詞，它的含義為：固定的或公眾一致承認(rèn)的行事或表達(dá)思想的方法
They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
他們不顧社會(huì)習(xí)俗，并未意識(shí)到自己在做些與眾不同的事。
hand down；hand in；hand over；hand out ； by hand ；hands up
hand down作“把……傳下來”解。例如：
…knowledge， customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race．
……他們的知識(shí)，生活習(xí)慣以及人們所懷念的事情，都是由他們的祖先傳下來的。
The story was handed down from one generation to another．這個(gè)故事世代相傳。
hand in為“把……交上來” 、“交給”、“遞交”之意。例如：
Time is up．Hand in your examination papers．時(shí)間到了，請(qǐng)把試卷交上來。
hand over作“轉(zhuǎn)交”或“移送”解。例如：
Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou．請(qǐng)將這筆錢轉(zhuǎn)交小周。
The thief was handed over to the police．小偷已被移送到公安機(jī)關(guān)了。
hand out為“散發(fā)”之意。例如：
When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers．
我趕到教室時(shí)，老師已開始分發(fā)試卷了。
by hands up表示“舉起手來”； hand表示“用手”、“手工”，是介詞短語(yǔ)，作方式狀語(yǔ)。
[EXERCISES]
①This toy was made ． ②After class， you must your homework． ③If you have any questions to ask，please ． （Keys：①by hand ②hand in ③hands up）
have sb．do have sb．dosth．；have sb．／sth．doing sth．；have sth．done sth．為“使（讓、請(qǐng)）某人做某事”之意，其中作賓補(bǔ)的不帶to的不定式只表示發(fā)生過某事。例如： The soldiers had the boy stand have sb．／sth．doingwith his back to his father． 士兵們讓男孩背對(duì)著父親站著。 sth．為“讓某人（某事）一直做某事”之意，其中作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞表示保持或一直存在的狀態(tài)。例如： The two cheats had their lights burning all night long． 兩個(gè)騙子讓燈整夜地亮著。 Although the farm is large，my dad has only have sth．done 有兩層含義和用法：two men working for him． 雖然農(nóng)場(chǎng)大，但我爸爸只雇了兩人為他（一直）干活。 *其一，作“（有意地）讓他人為自己做某事”解，即過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由別人完成，而賓語(yǔ)是過去分詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者或動(dòng)作對(duì)象。例如： I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth． 我要用這種布料做一套新衣服。 *作“（無意識(shí)地）讓某人（或某物）遭受不幸”解。例如： He had his handbag stolen． 他的手提包被人偷了。
hear hear of／ hear from／ hear hearof表示“聽人說起”、“聽說過”，側(cè)重于間接聽說； hear表示“聽見”、“聽到”，后面接名詞、代詞或賓語(yǔ)從句。from表示“收到……的來信”、“收到……的來電”，后面接指人的名詞或代詞；
[EXERCISES]
①I that our team won． ②I my brother twice a month． ③I &n
09高考英語(yǔ)考前詞匯句型掃描版
語(yǔ)法： 時(shí)態(tài)問題 (01)
1. 記住與各時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)的“特征詞”． 2.表示“將來”的幾種形式及基本區(qū)別：
shall will be going to +動(dòng)詞原形 be to do sth.
be +coming (leaving, starting, reaching, returning…. be about to do sth.
3.用于表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望和計(jì)劃的表達(dá)：
A. should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時(shí)態(tài)
B. was / were going to do sth.（用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)表示原打算做什么．）
C. was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原來的計(jì)劃和安排．
D. expect , intend , hope , mean , plan , promise , suppose , think , want , wish．．．常用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)
在這些詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句或者接不定式的一般形式；或者用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)后面接不定式的完
成形式表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望．
E. wish that …h(huán)ad done sth.表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望．
F.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成時(shí)，表示過去本該做，打算
做，想做而未做的事情．
G. had better / would rather + 不定式的完成時(shí)，表示一種過去的愿望．常譯為“當(dāng)初最好／當(dāng)初
真該．．．．”
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
1. would (should) you like to do sth. should love to do sth.
feel like doing sth. would like to do sth. would like sb. to do sth.
2. such a diligent man that … so diligent a man that … such a diligent man as … such interesting books that … such rapid progress that … so many (few) people that …
so much (little) money that … so diligent (fast) that… diligent (fast) enough to do sth.
so lazy (slowly) that he cannot … too lazy (slowly) to do sth.
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (01)
agree sb. agree with + sb. / sb.’s opinion / what … 同意某人意見
sth. agree with sb. 適合
sth. agree with sth. 相一致，相符，和諧
agree on (upon) sth. 就．．．取得一致的意見
agree with sb. on sth. 在．．．方面同意或意見一致
agree to do sth. 愿意（同意）做．．．
agree that…. 同意．．．是事實(shí)或應(yīng)當(dāng)如何
注釋：該詞一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞用．表示“同意”時(shí)有三種表達(dá)法，with①后接“人”
�、诰唧w的觀點(diǎn)和看法：opinion, plan, idea等；③what引導(dǎo)的從句．
作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，① agree to do sth. 愿意做．．．
②agree that …同意．．．是事實(shí)或應(yīng)當(dāng)如何
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
according to 根據(jù) a lot of/lots of 許多 add up to 加起來
a few 一些 again and again 一再，多次 a great deal 許多
all kinds of 各種各樣的 a little 一些 a kind of 一種。。。
after all 畢竟
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
absorb vt. accept vt. accompany vt. account v.
act v. adapt v. add v. admit v.
advance v. advise vt. afford vt. aim v.
answer v. achieve vt. adopt vt. allow v.
02
4. 完成時(shí)態(tài)中瞬間動(dòng)詞的處理方法：
A. 不合表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用． B. 將瞬間動(dòng)詞變成狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞．
C. 換用句型．It is….. since …did…
5. 復(fù)合句中的時(shí)態(tài)問題：
A.主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句可是任意時(shí)態(tài)． B.主句是將來時(shí)態(tài)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中只能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)．
C.主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句只能是過去的時(shí)態(tài)．
6. 情景中的時(shí)態(tài)問題．
這是近幾年高考中時(shí)態(tài)考察的重點(diǎn)．關(guān)鍵是要對(duì)所提供的情景進(jìn)行仔細(xì)認(rèn)真的分析 善于找到判斷時(shí)態(tài)的依據(jù)．
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
2. What’s wrong (the matter, the trouble) with …?
Is there anything wrong (the matter ) with …?
There is something (nothing ) wrong (the matter) with…?
Something (Nothing ) is wrong (the matter) with…?
3. in order that…may (might, can, could,…) …
so that…can (could, may, might…) … so as to (in order to) do sth.
4. do (try) one’s best to do sth. do what (everything, all) you can do sth.
what he said… all that he said…
III. 詞匯 A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (02)
look link-v look + adj. (過去分詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，)看起來，
look about 四周打量 look about for 四處尋找 look ahead 預(yù)測(cè)未來
look like 看起來像 look as if 看起來好像 look well 看起來不錯(cuò)
look sb. up and down 上下打量某人 look at 看，望， 看待
look after 照看，照管，照顧，負(fù)責(zé)處理 look back on 回顧，回想
look down upon (on) 看不起，蔑視 look for 找尋，自找（麻煩），
look forward to 盼望，希望；預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)有 look in 作短時(shí)間的訪晤（參觀），
look in on 拜望，順便來看望 look into 調(diào)查，了解，研究
look on 旁觀，在旁邊看 look on … as… 把．．．看作
look out 查找，找出；當(dāng)心，注意 look out for 當(dāng)心，提防；找尋，注意；
look over 翻閱，審讀；復(fù)習(xí) look round 審視，到處看看；回頭望
look through 翻閱，查看；讀一遍 look to 照顧，注意，負(fù)責(zé)
look up 查出，了解；看望，拜訪 look up and down 上下打量
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
and so on 等等 a number of 許多 a set of 一套。。。 as a result 結(jié)果
as well as 也 at any time 任何時(shí)候 at first 首先 at least 至少
at once 立即 at the beginning of 開頭，開初
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
appear vi. apply v. appoint vt. appreciate vt.
approach v. approve v. arrange v. assign vt.
attack v. attain vt. attempt vt. attend v.
avoid vt. belong vi. bend v. blow v.
03
I. 語(yǔ)法： 定語(yǔ)從句
1.引導(dǎo)詞的功能：�。�. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從�。�. 代替現(xiàn)行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某一句子成分．
2.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連詞用法表解：
連 詞
主 句 中 先 行 詞 是
在 從 句 中 充 當(dāng) 的 成 分 是
who
人
主語(yǔ)
whom
人
賓語(yǔ)
whose
人或物
定語(yǔ)(該詞后要跟名詞)
that
人或物
主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)
which
物
主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) (還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)
where
表示地點(diǎn)的名詞
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) (=介詞 + which )
when
表示時(shí)間的名詞
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) (=介詞 + which )
why
reason
原因狀語(yǔ) (= for which )
as
在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中常和such…as，the same…as 等句型連用．
在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，可以代替主句中的某一成分或整個(gè)句子的意義．
3. way 后面的定語(yǔ)從句可由in which , that 引導(dǎo)，或者什么都不要．
4. that 在使用中的特殊要求．
5. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別．
6. as 與which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的三點(diǎn)區(qū)別：as常和know, see, understand, expect等詞連用；可
位于句首；常譯為：正如．．．．
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
1. would rather (not) do sth. would rather do sth. than do sth.
would rather sb. did (had done) sth. prefer sth. to sth. else
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. else prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
insist on doing sth. rather than do sth.
2. No matter what (Whatever) he does… No matter how (However) difficult it is…
3. to one’s surprise (delight, satisfaction, disappointment, joy)…
What surprises (delights, satisfies, disappoints, pleases) one is…
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (03)
appear vi. link-v. = seem 似乎, 顯得
appear to do sth. appear + adj. appear + done
appear + sth. It appear that….
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
at the edge of 在…邊緣 at the end of 在…末尾 at the moment 此刻
at the same time 同時(shí) a variety of 各種各樣的 be annoyed at 生…的氣
be busy with 忙于… be divided into 分成… be fit for 適合…
be fond of 愛好 be full of 充滿… be grateful for 感謝
be interested in對(duì)…感興趣 be known for 因…出名 be made up of 由…組成
be satisfied with 對(duì)…滿意
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
bother v. build vt. buy vt cease v
charge v. change v. check v. choose v.
clear v. close v. collect v. commit vt.
compare v. concern vt. consider v. consist vi.
04
4. It seems that sb. do sth. = sb. seems to do sth.
It happened that sb. do sth. = sb. happened to do sth.
It is said (reported) that sb. do sth. = sb. is said (reported) to do sth.
5. Half of the visitors are … Half of the wood is …
Most of the teachers are… Most of the water is …
The rest of the books are … The rest of the money is …
One-fourth of the population in the world are Chinese.
The population of
Three-fourths of the workers in the factory are men.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is the sea.
A larger number of students are… The number of the students in our school is…
II. 詞匯 A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (04)
make make sth. 做，制造 make sb. do sth. 使得．．．
make sb. (sth.) done make sb. (sth.) + adj.
make sb. (sth.) + n. make it + adj.(n.) + that．．．
make it + adj.(n.) + to do sth. make it + adj.(n.) + doing sth.
make a dash for 趕往．．．，沖向．．．
make a deal with 達(dá)成協(xié)議，做成交易
make a decision 作出規(guī)定
make a face = make faces 做鬼臉，做苦相 make a good effort 作很大的努力
make a record 錄制唱片 make a plan for 為…作計(jì)劃
make a note of 注意，記下來 make an impression on 給．．留下（某種）印象，引人注目
make fun of 取笑，和．．．開玩笑，嘲笑
make ．．．into．．． 把．．．做成．．．；使成為，使變成 be made into．．．
be made from．．． 由．．．做的（化學(xué)變化） be made of．．． 由．．．做的（物理變化）
make it 按時(shí)到達(dá)某處，辦事成功；約定時(shí)間；及時(shí)趕上（火車，輪船等）
make one’s living 維持生活 make progress 取得進(jìn)步
make out
看清楚，看出，辨識(shí)；理解，明白；開（賬單，收據(jù)等）進(jìn)展；假裝，裝出，把．．．說成是
make room (for) 讓地方，讓位置 make sense 有道理，好懂，有清楚的意思
make sense of 理解 make sure that．．． 弄肯定，一定要做到；弄確切，弄清
make sure of make sure to do sth. 一定要做．．．
make ... to one's own measure 依照某人的尺寸做。。。
make up 創(chuàng)造，編造；彌補(bǔ)，把．．．補(bǔ)上；化妝，打扮
make up for 彌補(bǔ) be made up of 有．．．組成（構(gòu)成）
make up one’s mind to do sth. 打定主意，決定，決心
make use of 利用
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
be similar to 與…相同 be unfamiliar to 與…不熟悉 be used to V-ing 習(xí)慣于
because of 因?yàn)?nbsp; by hand 手工做的 carry out 執(zhí)行，進(jìn)行
catch up ?with?趕上 clear off 清除，跑開 compare…with 與…比較
concentrate on 聚精會(huì)神… consist of 包含 deal with 處理，對(duì)付
devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于… die out 絕種 divide…into 把分成
do harm to 傷害… draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
construct vt. continue v. contribute v. control vt.
convince vt. cost vt. count v. cover vt.
create vt. cross v. crowd v. cry v.
deal v. decide v. declare v. defend vt.
05
狀語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)從句的連詞
備 注
時(shí)間
after, as, before, once, since, till, until,
when, whenever, while, as long as,
as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when,
No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…)
1. hardly, no sooner在句首，引導(dǎo)的從句
要部分倒裝．
2. since引導(dǎo)的從句注意看啟動(dòng)詞是否是
瞬間動(dòng)詞還是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞．
3. when 引導(dǎo)的從句注意其特殊用法．
4. 一些名詞也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句．
地點(diǎn)
where , wherever
后者表示強(qiáng)調(diào)．
方式
as, as if, as though,
as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句多在句首．
原因
because, since, as, now (that)
語(yǔ)氣一個(gè)比一個(gè)弱．for可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，但它只能位于句末．
結(jié)果
so …that, such (a)… that,
so that, that
so…that中的so在句首，主句要部分倒裝．
目的
so that, in order that, that, so,
so that 使用最普遍．
條件
if , unless, in case , as long as,
注意分清if從句中是否該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣．
讓步
though, although, even if, even though,
as, in spite of the fact, while,
no matter wh- ,
as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要倒裝．
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
1. It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that ...
在句型 1 中，將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后．被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)．強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)如果是人，that可以由who換用．如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)完整無缺的句子．這也是與其 它從句區(qū)別判斷的方法．
2. It is not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that ...
句型2 主要用于強(qiáng)凋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，譯成漢語(yǔ)＂直到．．．才．．．＂，可以說是 not ... until ... 的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式
3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....
句型3中it 是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，常譯為＂清楚（顯然，真的，肯定．．．）＂ 是主語(yǔ)從句最常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)．
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (05)
consider 考慮 consider that．．． consider what (how) to do sth. consider doing sth.
認(rèn)為 consider that．．． consider sb. (sth.) + sb. (sth.) consider sb.+ adj.
把…看作是 consider sb. to be．．．
consider sb. + p.p.
consider sb.+ 介詞短語(yǔ)
consider ... as 把（某人）看作
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
either…or 既…又 for a moment 一會(huì)兒 for a while 一會(huì)兒 for example 例如
for instance 例如 from time to time 不時(shí) hand over 遞過去 in a hurry 匆忙
in case 萬一 in front of 在…前面 in line 排隊(duì) in no mood 無心思(心情)
in other words 換言之 in spite of 盡管 instead of 代替 in the course of 在….期間(過程)
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
delay v. delight v. deliver vt. demand vt.
deny vt. depend vi. deserve vt. design vt.
desire vt. destroy vt. determine vt. develop v.
devote vt. direct vt. discover vt. discuss vt.
06
1. that 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句中的用法．
2. whether, if 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句中的用法區(qū)別．
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別及判斷．
4. what在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句中的用法．
5. 賓語(yǔ)從句中否定轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)問題．
6. 賓語(yǔ)從句中使用形式賓語(yǔ)it的問題及注意事項(xiàng)．
7. 哪些表語(yǔ)形容詞后可以跟從句．
最常用用連詞用法辨析
連 詞
從 句 種 類
功 用
what
主、賓、表語(yǔ)從句
在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表同時(shí)在主句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表語(yǔ)
that
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)、定、狀
在名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)從句，不充當(dāng)成分，無詞意；定語(yǔ)從句中代替人或物，在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓。表；在狀語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)目的、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
whether
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)
在從句中引導(dǎo)從句，不充當(dāng)成分，有詞意：“是否”
who
主、賓、表、定
在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
which
主、賓、表、定
在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，詞意為：“哪一個(gè)。。。”；在定語(yǔ)從句中代替物，在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓語(yǔ)，與介詞一起作狀語(yǔ)
when
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)、定、狀
在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，詞意為：“在何時(shí)”
where
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)、定、狀
在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，詞意為：“在何處”
how
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)、狀
在從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)，詞意為：“如何”
why
主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)、定
在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，詞意為：“為什么”
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ...
句型6 中的過去分詞應(yīng)該是表示請(qǐng)求，建議，命令等詞，that 后的從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（should + 動(dòng)詞原形），should 可以�。Ｗg為＂據(jù)建議；有命令．．．）
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (07)
need 需要 need sth. need to do sth. need doing
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：用于否定句，疑問句（較少用于肯定句）
He needn’t go out for such a thing . Need you buy this book ?
n. 需要，必要（不可數(shù)）；需要的東西（可數(shù)）
a friend in need 患難之交 in need of 需要
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
out of sight 看不見 over and over 再三 refer to 意指，提交 since then 從那以后
right away 馬上 run away 跑掉 run out 用完，耗盡 side by side 肩并肩
regard…as 把…當(dāng)作…對(duì)待；認(rèn)為…是…
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
distribute vt. disturb vt. double v. draw v.
dress v. drive v. drop v. fetch vt.
fight v. fill v. finish v. fire v.
fit v. fix v. fly v. follow v.
07
１）主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)抽象概念（包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)），謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
２）如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，盡管后面跟有：with , together with , as well as , no less than, rather than ,
like , but , besides , except , as much as, including , along with ...等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)。
３）each , some , any , no , every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞；one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 , many a , more than one ( a )
等所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)，它們的謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)。
４） people , police, cattle 等詞作主語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)。
５） majority , population , class , family , group , team , crowd , audience , army , government, company ,
enemy 等集體名詞，按意思一致原則，作為整體，看作單數(shù)；指其中一個(gè)一個(gè)成員，看作復(fù)數(shù)。
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...
句型７中，that后的從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣（should + 動(dòng)詞原形），should以省去．表示出乎意料，常譯為＂竟然＂．沒有這種意義時(shí)，則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣．
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (08)
take take sth. 拿，取，帶；吃，喝；占領(lǐng)，贏得；
take a look at 看一看 take a nap 小睡
take a taxi 打的 take a job 接受(工作)
take a bet 打賭 take a chance 碰碰運(yùn)氣，冒．．．風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
take a risk 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) take a seat 坐下
take an interest in 對(duì)．．．有興趣 take a photograph ( of ) 照一張相
be taken up with 忙于（某事）；喜歡 take after 長(zhǎng)得像，性格等像
take aim 瞄準(zhǔn) take along 隨身攜帶
take ．．．a(chǎn)s．．． 看作，認(rèn)為 take away 拿走；減去；
take back 收回（諾言，話語(yǔ)等）；送還；退（貨） take back to 使回想起
take care 當(dāng)心 take care to do sth. take care that．．．
take care of 照料，料理，照顧；當(dāng)心，注意；處理，對(duì)付
take charge (of) 負(fù)責(zé)（處理某事或照料某人）；接管 ake ill (sick) 突然生病
take cold 感冒，傷風(fēng) take control of 控制住，管住
take delight (pleasure) in sth.喜歡（做）某事 take delight (pleasure) in doing sth.
take down 拿下來，取下來；記下來 take effect 開始起作用；生效
take．．．for (to be) sth.（錯(cuò)）當(dāng)作，以為是
take．．．for granted 想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為（會(huì)是某種情況）；認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然 take it for granted that．．．
take ．．．for example 以．．．為例 take hold of 抓��；吸引住
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
be willing to do sth. 愿意做 devote … to … 把…貢獻(xiàn)于 go over 復(fù)習(xí)
succeed in 成功 give off 放出（氣味，熱） go by 過去，依照
work hard at 致力于 set off (vt.) 引起 pay off 還清
take an interest in 對(duì)…感興趣 have effect on 對(duì)…有影響 set out 出發(fā)，開始
have … to do with 與…有關(guān) believe in 信任 set sail 啟航
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
force vt. forget v. form v. frighten vt.
gain vt. gather v. grant vt. greet vt.
grieve v. guard v. guess v. guid vt.
hand vt. handle vt. hang v. happen vi.
08
1. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣．(后退一步法)
2. wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣．(后退一步法)
3. 表示建議，請(qǐng)求，命令等詞后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣．(should 加原形)
4. 表語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣．(should 加原形)
5. suggestion，insist后從句中不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的問題．
6. 其它從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣問題．Would you mind ….did….? would rather sb. did sth.
It is time that …did sth.
7. 錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣．
8. 暗含虛擬語(yǔ)氣問題：介詞短語(yǔ)表?xiàng)l件；情境中提供虛擬語(yǔ)氣．
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...
句型8中that 后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，值得注意的是① 用過去時(shí)態(tài)表示虛擬．② should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should 不能省．常譯為＂是（正是）．．．的時(shí)侯．．．＂
9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
句型９要和句型８區(qū)別開來，該句型中的 that 從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用完成時(shí)態(tài)，至于用什么完成時(shí)態(tài)，由主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定，如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后面從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)；如果是一般過去時(shí)，后面從句則用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)．該結(jié)構(gòu)中 that 可以省去；it有時(shí)用 this 替換．常譯為＂是第一（二）．．．次．．．＂
10. It is .... since ...
句型１０主要用作處理瞬間動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)，又要和表示一段時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的問題．主句中是時(shí)間作表語(yǔ)，一般是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或完成時(shí)，since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，而且是瞬間動(dòng)詞．如果主句是一般過去時(shí)，從句則用過去完成時(shí)．
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (09)
do do a good deed 做件好事 do away with 廢除，破除，取消，消除，干掉
do about sth. 對(duì)．．．想某種辦法或采取某種行為
do everything (all) one can 盡一切努力，盡力去做 do good 做好事
do sb. good (harm) = do good (harm) to sb. 對(duì)．．．有好處（害處）
do sb. a favour (kindness) 幫一個(gè)忙 do sb. the favour to do sth. (that．．．) 幫忙做．．．
do one’s best = try one’s best 盡．．．最大的努力
do one’s bit (duty) 盡一份力（履行職責(zé)，做份內(nèi)的事） do up 收拾，整理，打扮；包，扎，系
do well 做得對(duì)，做得好 do with 處理，安排，多和what連用）
do with 想要，需要（多和can連用） do with 受不了，不能（多和can’t連用）
do something (nothing , anything, little, much) to do with 與．．．有．．．關(guān)系
do wonder = work wonder 創(chuàng)造奇跡 do wrong 做壞事、犯罪
do sb. wrong = do wrong to sb. 委屈，冤枉某人，做對(duì)不起某人的事
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
be admitted to sp. 被…錄取 take … by surprise 對(duì)…突然襲擊/ 出乎…意料
put effort into sth.(致力于) put into prison = send to prison 送入監(jiān)獄
clear up(清理，收拾，打掃) do a word puzzle = do a puzzle in words (猜字謎)
keep a certain distance away (保持一定的距離) far below (遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于)
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
imagine vt. impose v. impress vt. improve v.
incline v. include vt. increase v. inform v.
injure vt. inquire v. insist v. inspire vt.
intend vt. interfere vi. introduce vt. invite vt.
09
６）表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值等的名詞作主語(yǔ)，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
７）or , either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not ... but ... , not only ... but also... 等連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用
就近一致原則。
８）以 there , here , such 引起的句子，而主語(yǔ)又不只一個(gè)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用就近一致原則。
９）以what 引起的主語(yǔ)從句，all , most , half , the rest , the remainder 等引起的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按意思一
致的原則處理。
１０）關(guān)系詞who, that , which 引起的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與先行詞在數(shù)和人稱取得一致。但
one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that從句。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，而the ( only ) one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that
從句，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
１１）當(dāng) the與原級(jí)形容詞連用，表示一類人時(shí)；或某些以-s(es) 結(jié)尾的人名，指一家人、夫妻倆或同名
同姓的若干人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
II. 句型復(fù)習(xí)：
11. It is ... when ...
句型１１中的 when 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句中的 it 指時(shí)間，表語(yǔ)由具體的時(shí)間充當(dāng)．常譯為＂當(dāng)．．．的時(shí)候，是．．．＂
12. It be ... before ...
句型１２中的主句時(shí)態(tài)只有將來一般時(shí)或過去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)．主句中的表語(yǔ)多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等時(shí)間．常譯為＂．．．之后．．．＂
13. It happens (seems, appears ) that...
句型號(hào)１３中it是形式主語(yǔ)， that 引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句，主句中的happen , seem是不及物動(dòng)詞．
III.詞匯：A. 常用動(dòng)詞用法 (10)
take take in 接受（房客，客人等），留宿；理解，明白；包括，涉及；（把衣服）改小，改瘦；訂閱
take it easy 不要著急；慢慢來 take note of 注意
take notes 作筆記，記筆記 take notice of 理會(huì)；注意
take off 脫下（衣，帽等）；起飛；匆匆離開；休假，請(qǐng)假；取消
take off one’s hat to 佩服；敬重 take on 接受，從事（工作）；雇用；上車，接受乘客
take one’s time 慢慢來，從容不迫 take out 取出，使退色；領(lǐng)取
take over 接替(職務(wù))；接管 take part in 參加，參與
take pity on(upon) 可憐，憐憫 take place 發(fā)生，舉行
take (a) pride in 為．．．感到自豪（驕傲） take sth. lying down 甘心忍受（而不反抗）
take sides ( in ) 站在….一邊
take the chair 擔(dān)任主席 take the place of 代替、取代
take trouble to do sth. 不辭勞苦的做．．．
take to sth. 喜歡；養(yǎng)成某種愛好 take to doing sth.
take turns to do sth. 輪流做．．． take turns (at) doing sth.
take up 開始學(xué)習(xí)（課程），選修；從事；向．．．提出；占用（時(shí)間）；占掉（空間）
B. 短語(yǔ)記憶：
further education(進(jìn)修) absence of 缺乏 access to ...的入口,通路
acquaintance with 相識(shí),了解 action on sth 對(duì)...的作用 addition to sth 增加
admission to /into 進(jìn)入,入(場(chǎng),學(xué),會(huì)) admission of sth 承認(rèn) advance in 改進(jìn),進(jìn)步
advantage over 優(yōu)于...的有利條件 absence from 缺席,不在 answer to ...的答案
C. 記住下列動(dòng)詞并寫出它們的漢語(yǔ)意思：
involve vt. insolate vt. issue vt. join v.
judge v. jump vi. knock v. know v.
lack v. last vi.
09年5月語(yǔ)文焦點(diǎn)寫作素材――H1N1流感及人類危機(jī)思考
隨著人類社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展，地球人們之間的交往聯(lián)系愈來愈緊密。“地球村”名副其實(shí)，這給我們?nèi)祟惿鐣?huì)帶了巨大的繁榮，但也有灰色的記憶，這些記憶都深深地刻在人類的歷史石碑上。
關(guān)注我們自身，是關(guān)注人類社會(huì)的體現(xiàn)。
中國(guó)的高考是國(guó)家為選拔優(yōu)秀人才而舉行的大型考試，考試內(nèi)容或考試預(yù)測(cè)常常是人們的談?wù)摻裹c(diǎn)。
從近三年的高考中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其考查內(nèi)容與人類生活、生產(chǎn)聯(lián)系非常緊密，尤其有關(guān)社會(huì)最熱點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容。
據(jù)上，筆者聯(lián)系當(dāng)前社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)之一――甲型H1N1流感，來談一下高考語(yǔ)文寫作的相關(guān)話題及素材應(yīng)用。
背景概況
2009年3月，墨西哥和美國(guó)等先后發(fā)生甲型H1N1流感，其病毒為A型流感病毒，H1N1亞型豬流感病毒毒株，該毒株包含有豬流感、禽流感和人流感三種流感病毒的基因片斷，是一種新型豬流感病毒，可以人傳染人。
以下是截至北京時(shí)間５月１９日２１時(shí)，世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)布的有關(guān)國(guó)家和地區(qū)甲型Ｈ１Ｎ１流感疫情最新累計(jì)數(shù)字，括號(hào)內(nèi)為有關(guān)國(guó)家和地區(qū)自己公布的數(shù)字。
死亡病例 確診病例（包括死亡病例） 疑似病例
墨西哥 �。罚病。ǎ罚埃。常叮矗浮。ǎ常叮矗叮� �。ǎ常梗担矗�
美國(guó) �。� （５） ５１２３�。ǎ担保玻常� （０）
加拿大 １ （１） ４９６ （５２０） （０）
哥斯達(dá)黎加 １ （１） ９ （９） （１２８）
日本 �。� １５９ （１９１） （０）
西班牙 ０ �。保埃� （１０３） �。ǎ玻常�
英國(guó) ０ �。保埃� （１０２） （３）
巴拿馬 ０ ５９ �。ǎ担梗� �。ǎ玻梗�
法國(guó) �。� １４ �。ǎ保担� �。ǎ玻叮�
德國(guó) �。� １４ �。ǎ保矗� �。ǎ保梗�
哥倫比亞 ０ １１ �。ǎ保保� （１６４）
意大利 ０ �。� （９） （０）
新西蘭 ０ ９ （９） �。ǎ矗福�
巴西 �。� �。� （８） �。ǎ保福�
以色列 ０ ７ （７） （４）
薩爾瓦多 �。� �。� （６） （０）
比利時(shí) ０ �。� （５） （０）
中國(guó)內(nèi)地 ０ �。� （４） （１）
智利 �。� ４ （５） （０）
韓國(guó) �。� �。� （４） �。ǎ常埃�
荷蘭 �。� �。� （３） （０）
危地馬拉 ０ �。� （３） （０）
古巴 �。� �。� （３） （０）
瑞典 �。� �。� （３） （０）
中國(guó)香港 ０ �。� （３） （０）
其它國(guó)家及地區(qū)省略
相關(guān)歷史鏈接
西班牙流感
1918年，西班牙大流感所造成的災(zāi)難是流感流行史上最嚴(yán)重的一次，也是歷史上死亡人數(shù)最多的一次瘟疫，估計(jì)全世界患病人數(shù)在7億以上，發(fā)病率約20%～40%，死亡人數(shù)達(dá)4000-5000多萬。美國(guó)科學(xué)家的研究顯示，1918-1919年導(dǎo)致5000萬人死亡的西班牙流感病毒很可能源自鳥類。
亞洲流感
1957-1958 亞洲流感 （病毒類型 H2N2）
香港流感
1968-1969 香港流感 （病毒類型 H3N2）1968年7月，香港突然爆發(fā)流感，發(fā)病人數(shù)多達(dá)50萬。8月，流感傳入新加坡、印度、澳大利亞、日本和美國(guó)。這次流感使美國(guó)5100萬人染病，超過3.4萬人死亡。接著又傳入前蘇聯(lián)和歐洲。根據(jù)國(guó)際紅十字會(huì)組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，這場(chǎng)流感至少波及世界55個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，造成全球150萬-200萬人死亡。
俄羅斯流感
1977-1978 俄羅斯流感 （病毒類型 H1N1） 1977年11月至1978年1月在前蘇聯(lián)，“俄羅斯流感”流行。至1978年冬，其他許多國(guó)家也紛紛出現(xiàn)感染流行。受襲擊的集中在20歲以下的青少年。
瘋牛病
1985年，主發(fā)國(guó)在英國(guó)。據(jù)估計(jì)死亡人數(shù)以每年30%左右的速度逐年上升，迄今為止死于此疫的人數(shù)為69人。波及的國(guó)家以歐美國(guó)家為主。據(jù)美國(guó)有線新聞網(wǎng)估計(jì)，瘋牛病事件將給美國(guó)造成了至少數(shù)十億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
口蹄疫
2001年，英國(guó)暴發(fā)口蹄疫，集中宰殺、焚燒了近700萬頭感染口蹄疫的牲畜，許多農(nóng)民損失慘重。世界上大多數(shù)的國(guó)家如美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、南韓、澳洲、新西蘭及一些歐洲國(guó)家等；東南亞各國(guó)、中國(guó)香港、中國(guó)大陸等皆屬”口蹄疫疫區(qū)”。
SARS
2003年4月起在中國(guó)廣東省及香港地區(qū)所爆發(fā)的流行病嚴(yán)重急性呼吸道綜合癥(SARS），涉及32個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，截至
禽流感
2004年初禽流感席卷美國(guó)和亞洲部分國(guó)家，中國(guó)、日本、越南等國(guó)上百萬家禽染病死亡，多人可能因感染禽流感病毒而去世。截止到2005年，禽流感已造成全球超過1.5億只禽類被撲殺，63人死亡，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)100億美元。
手足口病
手足口病是全球性傳染病，世界大部分地區(qū)均有此病流行的報(bào)道。1957年新西蘭首次報(bào)道該病。我國(guó)自1981年在上海發(fā)現(xiàn)本病，以后北京、河北等十幾個(gè)�。ㄊ校┚袌�(bào)導(dǎo)。2009年我國(guó)手足口病發(fā)病處于上升階段。2009年年初到4月7日,全國(guó)累計(jì)報(bào)告手足口病例115618例,死亡50例。
非典、禽流感、甲型H1N1流感等問題背后的冷思考
觀點(diǎn)羅列
1、人類不能善待動(dòng)物，惡劣的飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境為病毒的生長(zhǎng)和變異提供了機(jī)會(huì)。人類不愛護(hù)環(huán)境和濫用抗生素 。
2、人類對(duì)自然的掠奪破壞越來越厲害。研究證明，66%的傳染病病是從動(dòng)物身上傳播而來。
3、病毒加快變異論：病毒變異性的加快與“物種障礙”的跨越加快，使人類面臨的危險(xiǎn)越來越大。
4、病毒比人類更具有智慧論：病毒不斷尋找人類的弱點(diǎn)，加以利用。人類與病毒的持續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗，病毒戰(zhàn)斗力越來越強(qiáng)大。
5、全球公共衛(wèi)生預(yù)防機(jī)制應(yīng)該趨于更加完善，科學(xué)預(yù)防需要全球合作，科技發(fā)展需要大力尊重自然。
6、氣候變化論：氣候變化促進(jìn)動(dòng)物傳染病的發(fā)生與傳播。全球氣候變化肯定會(huì)促生部分細(xì)菌發(fā)生變化，這樣，人類的危險(xiǎn)不單單就是宏觀上的，微觀世界也在醞釀著病變。
集中討論點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵詞
人與自然 自然環(huán)境 環(huán)境保護(hù) 人類危機(jī) 全球問題 公共衛(wèi)生 反省意識(shí)
生物病毒 生態(tài)掠奪 人為陰謀 生命代價(jià) 和諧契合
【焦點(diǎn)解讀】
人類正在改變著地球，而這些改變的背后卻引發(fā)了良性質(zhì)變和危險(xiǎn)隱患。隨著時(shí)間的遷移，有了許多新的疾病和名詞， “非典”、“禽流感” 、“甲型H1N1”流感這些看似陌生卻又如此熟悉的病菌像一陣颶風(fēng)驟然降臨，而這一切正在改變著我們。
這一社會(huì)焦點(diǎn)是值得我們的重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。它關(guān)涉著“人與自然” 、 “全球問題”、 “公共衛(wèi)生”、 “生態(tài)保護(hù)” 、“環(huán)境”、“危機(jī)”、 “反省”、 “災(zāi)難”、“珍惜”、 “尊重”、“震撼”、 “生命”、“合作”、 “和諧”等話題，而這寫話題也是我們高考所關(guān)注的。
[運(yùn)用實(shí)例]
話題1 人與自然
自然，是動(dòng)植物的棲息地，是生命的起源，是我們的一切的源泉。
人類誕生于天地之間，生存于大自然之中。集靈氣與采萬精華的我們勇敢地從洪荒時(shí)代走到了文明的世紀(jì)。
人與自然存在著莫大的關(guān)系。在自然中，人類的智慧創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)的奇跡，而無知與貪婪卻留下了可怕的后果�，F(xiàn)在的地球已經(jīng)發(fā)出了痛苦的呻吟：環(huán)境污染，生態(tài)惡化，病毒橫行。這一切是值得我們的深思。03年的非典、04年禽流感、今天的甲型流感無不讓我們深思人類應(yīng)如何對(duì)待大自然？人類該怎樣與自然和諧共處呢？
也許是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的答案：善待自然和諧相處。善待萬物，就象善待我們的朋友；拯救地球，就是拯救我們的家園！人與自然相通相依，協(xié)調(diào)一致，和諧共處，是人與自然和諧共處的主要思想。
話題2 災(zāi)難
面對(duì)“甲型H1N1流感”的到來，也許我們想到一個(gè)灰色的詞“災(zāi)難”。其實(shí)我們已經(jīng)經(jīng)受了無數(shù)的災(zāi)難了。厄爾尼諾、溫室效應(yīng)、全球氣候變暖、海嘯、非典、還有現(xiàn)在的甲型流感，這里的每一場(chǎng)災(zāi)難無不傷痛著人類的脆弱的神經(jīng)。而這一切究竟緣何。
也許是自然對(duì)人類的懲罰，也許是地球?qū)θ祟惖膽土P，到底是什么，為什么會(huì)有這么多的災(zāi)難，我們?cè)谒妓髦�。人類進(jìn)入工業(yè)時(shí)代后，掠奪性地開采，工業(yè)污染嚴(yán)重，全球溫室效應(yīng)明顯，人類的進(jìn)步是建立在掠奪自然的基礎(chǔ)之上；任意殘殺其他物種，北冰洋的海豹被剝皮，海洋里的藍(lán)鯨被宰殺，山林里的稀有物種被烹飪等等，人類的食欲是建立在殘殺生靈的基礎(chǔ)之上。簡(jiǎn)單地總結(jié)，境破壞，生態(tài)失衡，災(zāi)難就頻發(fā)。
低下頭吧，高傲的人類將目光放的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)些吧；咽下涎吧貪吃的人類將口味放的平常些吧，不然，人類只能自己承擔(dān)地球的懲罰――頻發(fā)的災(zāi)難。
話題3 反省
反省是人類不斷進(jìn)步的思源。而缺乏自我反省是人類的共同弱點(diǎn)，不僅限于對(duì)大自然的傲慢，更主要的是總有理由為自己的過失開脫責(zé)任。
氣候異常,三廢嚴(yán)重,惡疾流行,災(zāi)害頻仍,因工業(yè)和現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生活方式誘發(fā)的環(huán)境惡化問題,已成為當(dāng)前世界性的熱門話題和共同難題。當(dāng)人們紛紛行動(dòng)起來,就事論事地解決各種具體的環(huán)保問題的時(shí)候, 人類需要真正反省自己了。因?yàn)閷?duì)大自然的傲慢，環(huán)境污染破壞已促成了更多的菌體變異。人類的自我中心主義，漠視自然的盲動(dòng)行為，已經(jīng)成為了懸在人類頭上的達(dá)摩克利斯之劍，還有多少病毒將要變異？人類還要嘗試多少自食其果？這一切在告訴我們，必須靜下思維來，認(rèn)認(rèn)真真地反省了，反省人與自然的關(guān)系，反省自然環(huán)境的問題，反省工業(yè)與自然的關(guān)系，反省人類自身的弱點(diǎn)等等。
從根本的內(nèi)容，根本的原因，根本的關(guān)系上，我們?nèi)シ词�，也是�?duì)人類哲學(xué)及我們的人性本質(zhì)思考。
話題4 生命
生命是寶貴的，地球上的無數(shù)形式的生命都是寶貴的。地球上的生命又都有著各種千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，生命的彼此關(guān)聯(lián)又都造就了世界的多彩。
豐富多彩的地球世界，又時(shí)時(shí)刻刻充滿了各種因素的威脅與危機(jī)，而這些威脅與危機(jī)動(dòng)輒就是生命的毀滅。歷史上的“西班牙流感”奪走40000―50000人的生命；“亞洲流感”使全球至少100萬人死于這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難；“香港流感” 至少波及世界55個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，造成全球150萬-200萬人死亡�，F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步依然挽救不了03年的非典的900多人的生命。在微生物加快變異的今天，人類的生命顯得異常的脆弱，而這個(gè)脆弱又何嘗不是破壞其他生命的折射呢？
生命是需要和諧相聯(lián)的，生命是需要和諧共處的。
話題5 公共衛(wèi)生
公共衛(wèi)生不是小事，是關(guān)切環(huán)保的要事，是關(guān)切民生的大事。努力營(yíng)造潔凈公共衛(wèi)生的環(huán)境，為人民群眾的健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展筑起一道安全的屏障。
環(huán)境衛(wèi)生直接關(guān)乎人的健康，關(guān)乎民生。要小康，首先要健康；健康是最大的財(cái)富。環(huán)境越潔凈衛(wèi)生，危害人類健康的病毒、病菌就越?jīng)]有生存的土壤和活動(dòng)的空間；反之，它則滋生蔓延、張牙舞爪、兇相畢露，對(duì)人類構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重的威脅。像當(dāng)年猖獗一時(shí)的非典病毒，能肯定的是一定的環(huán)境為其大行其道提供了“氣候”。生活小事隨地吐痰、隨地便溺、隨倒垃圾等的頑癥劣習(xí)，我們一定搞好教育，搞好宣傳，搞好監(jiān)督，從基礎(chǔ)抓起。
公共衛(wèi)生是精神文明建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容，是愛國(guó)、愛家、愛己的體現(xiàn)，是富國(guó)強(qiáng)民的基礎(chǔ)。
流感危機(jī)及公共衛(wèi)生
一只蝴蝶在巴西扇動(dòng)翅膀，有可能在美國(guó)的得克薩斯州引起一場(chǎng)龍卷風(fēng)，這一效應(yīng)與我們今天所面對(duì)的甲型H1N1流感疫情何其相似―――如何不讓一個(gè)“豬、狗、雞、鴨、鵝”的病毒所代表的非安全性因素?fù)魸ⅰ⑵茐奈覀兩鐣?huì)的發(fā)展成果，或擊潰我們“全球化”的文明建構(gòu)，已經(jīng)變得如此迫切。
公共衛(wèi)生是關(guān)系到一國(guó)或一個(gè)地區(qū)人民大眾健康的公共事業(yè)。公共衛(wèi)生的具體內(nèi)容包括對(duì)重大疾病尤其是傳染病的預(yù)防、監(jiān)控和醫(yī)治；對(duì)食品、藥品、公共環(huán)境衛(wèi)生的監(jiān)督管制，以及相關(guān)的衛(wèi)生宣傳、健康教育、免疫接種等。例如對(duì)SARS的控制預(yù)防治療屬于典型的公共衛(wèi)生職能范疇。
相關(guān)評(píng)論
面對(duì)新型流感，中國(guó)反應(yīng)過度了嗎？
新華網(wǎng)北京５月１９日電（記者 徐興堂）從ＳＡＲＳ到甲型Ｈ１Ｎ１流感，兩次不同的傳染病疫情，中國(guó)的應(yīng)對(duì)舉措都受到來自境外的批評(píng)。上一次是因?yàn)榉磻?yīng)遲緩，而這一次則是因?yàn)椤胺磻?yīng)過度”。
�。樱粒遥拥耐蝗槐┌l(fā)讓人措手不及，初期的應(yīng)對(duì)措施確實(shí)不夠科學(xué)。但中國(guó)政府隨后采取了科學(xué)、有序、有力的舉措，最終使疫情得到成功遏制。有了對(duì)抗ＳＡＲＳ經(jīng)驗(yàn)的中國(guó)，在這次對(duì)新型流感疫情的防控中及時(shí)采取了測(cè)溫、隔離等措施，向公眾隨時(shí)通報(bào)疫情發(fā)展情況并宣傳預(yù)防感染的常識(shí)。
出人意料的是，中國(guó)的防控措施竟然受到一些西方國(guó)家官員和專家的批評(píng)，認(rèn)為中國(guó)“反應(yīng)過度”。此前，他們也曾指責(zé)世界衛(wèi)生組織對(duì)新型流感反應(yīng)過度。
那么，面對(duì)仍在多個(gè)國(guó)家蔓延的新型流感疫情，中國(guó)反應(yīng)過度了嗎？仔細(xì)分析一下就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國(guó)的反應(yīng)是以人為本、積極有效的，不但不應(yīng)受到指責(zé)，而且值得褒揚(yáng)且為其他國(guó)家效仿。
首先，“反應(yīng)過度”論者的論點(diǎn)是站不住腳的。其中一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是，中國(guó)“未能區(qū)分新型流感病毒與ＳＡＲＳ病毒的致命性和傳染性”。要知道，新型流感疫情尚在暴發(fā)初期，世衛(wèi)組織及各國(guó)很多醫(yī)學(xué)專家都承認(rèn)，新型流感病毒會(huì)否發(fā)生變異以及是否會(huì)在晚些時(shí)候卷土重來等問題都還是未知數(shù)。歷史上已經(jīng)有過流感二次暴發(fā)奪走千萬人生命的先例。
到目前為止，新型流感的致死率確乎不高。但在病毒的性質(zhì)得到科學(xué)論斷前，任何武斷的說法都是不科學(xué)的。
批評(píng)者還說，“中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不明白為什么需要避免反應(yīng)過度，他們完全不了解外國(guó)媒體與外國(guó)公眾輿論。”這更沒有說到點(diǎn)子上。疫情是人命關(guān)天的大事，試想，一直強(qiáng)調(diào)以人為本的中國(guó)政府會(huì)因?yàn)橥鈬?guó)媒體怎么說而改變可能使國(guó)民避免疫情襲擾的策略嗎？
相關(guān)國(guó)家的政府官員也曾指責(zé)中國(guó)的隔離措施，抱怨其國(guó)民受到歧視。其實(shí)中國(guó)對(duì)中外密切接觸者的隔離是一視同仁的，何來“歧視”之說？有幾個(gè)被隔離的當(dāng)事人說自己受到歧視？中國(guó)通過各種渠道與有關(guān)國(guó)家溝通，真誠(chéng)表示了在防控新型流感方面加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作的意愿。
中國(guó)的特殊國(guó)情，也決定了中國(guó)不會(huì)對(duì)新型流感的防控掉以輕心。中國(guó)人口密度大，流動(dòng)性強(qiáng)，而醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生設(shè)施與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比卻有很多不足的地方。如果防控不利，小小的病毒在這個(gè)世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家造成的損失將是不可估量的。
中國(guó)采取的嚴(yán)格措施同時(shí)也為阻斷病毒在全世界的傳播作出了貢獻(xiàn)。正如溫家寶總理近日指出的，中國(guó)這樣做，不僅是為了１３億中國(guó)人的身體健康，對(duì)全世界防控工作也是有利的。
事實(shí)證明，中國(guó)采取的嚴(yán)格防控措施輔以宣傳教育，不僅沒有在公眾中引起恐慌，反而得到了全社會(huì)的理解和支持，網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇里幾乎一邊倒對(duì)政府的支持就是佐證。
新型流感從暴發(fā)到現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)境內(nèi)只發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)例輸入型確診和疑似病例，大部分密切接觸者也已經(jīng)陸續(xù)解除隔離。這與被感染人數(shù)不斷上升的其他國(guó)家形成了鮮明對(duì)比，有力地證明了中國(guó)的做法是科學(xué)有效的。
世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事陳馮富珍在回應(yīng)對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織的批評(píng)時(shí)說，面對(duì)疫情，寧愿過度準(zhǔn)備，也不能不準(zhǔn)備。疫情正在流行的國(guó)家倒是應(yīng)該反思，自己的因應(yīng)措施是否科學(xué)完善？
從非典到甲型流感中國(guó)走了多遠(yuǎn)
作者:李文釗
4月，一場(chǎng)肇始于墨西哥和美國(guó)的甲型H1N1流感，開始在全球流行。到
應(yīng)該說，到目前為止，甲型H1N1流感在中國(guó)并沒有引起太大的恐慌，在某種程度上，得益于及時(shí)和全面的信息公開制度，以及中國(guó)政府充分、完善和快速的應(yīng)急預(yù)警和處理機(jī)制。
從應(yīng)對(duì)非典到應(yīng)對(duì)甲型H1N1流感，6年來，中國(guó)積累了哪些經(jīng)驗(yàn)？取得了哪些進(jìn)步？
危機(jī)還沒有結(jié)束，做全面評(píng)價(jià)還為時(shí)尚早。不過，管中窺豹，可見一斑。通過對(duì)到目前為止，各級(jí)政府和行動(dòng)者的應(yīng)對(duì)行為、過程的觀察，或許可以找到一些端倪。這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)以后的疫情防治至關(guān)重要，我們也期待下一步的防治工作更細(xì)致、更透明。
1 疫情應(yīng)對(duì)進(jìn)入最高決策層
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的流動(dòng)性和復(fù)雜性，使得任何一個(gè)區(qū)域性政府和部門都不可能處理好公共衛(wèi)生事件，無論是與國(guó)際社會(huì)的協(xié)調(diào)，還是國(guó)內(nèi)各級(jí)部門和各級(jí)政府的協(xié)調(diào)，都需要依靠最高決策層的權(quán)威。
中國(guó)最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和最高決策層，第一時(shí)間將甲型H1N1流感防治納入最高議事日程。在中國(guó)還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)疫情時(shí)，4月28日，胡錦濤就對(duì)做好防范人感染豬流感疫情工作做出指示，溫家寶主持召開國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議，研究部署中國(guó)加強(qiáng)人感染豬流感預(yù)防控制工作。5月5日，溫家寶再次主持召開國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議，聽取前一階段匯報(bào)工作，再次部署甲型H1N1流感防治工作。
納入最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和最高決策層的議事日程，是保證應(yīng)對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生事件取得良好效果的根本。
2 將中國(guó)納入世界公共衛(wèi)生事件防控體系
在防治甲型H1N1流感事件中，中國(guó)以開放的心態(tài)融入世界，將中國(guó)納入世界公共衛(wèi)生事件防控體系。加強(qiáng)同世界衛(wèi)生組織的合作，加大對(duì)國(guó)外甲型H1N1流感的報(bào)道與監(jiān)測(cè)，及時(shí)與其他國(guó)家開展各方面的合作。
比如，5月13日下午，陳竺部長(zhǎng)應(yīng)約與世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)總干事陳馮富珍通電話，雙方圍繞甲型H1N1流感防控策略、本次疫情的特點(diǎn)和發(fā)展、抗病毒藥物和疫苗的研制和儲(chǔ)備等交換了看法。中國(guó)每一步都與WHO保持溝通。
3 政治動(dòng)員，各級(jí)政府和全社會(huì)參與
在危機(jī)狀態(tài)之下，政治動(dòng)員是各國(guó)政府普遍采取的做法，中國(guó)擁有政治動(dòng)員的傳統(tǒng)，適當(dāng)?shù)恼蝿?dòng)員有利于及時(shí)制止公共衛(wèi)生事件的擴(kuò)大和蔓延。
胡錦濤的兩次指示，溫家寶的三次國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議，都是實(shí)現(xiàn)政治動(dòng)員的體現(xiàn)。
在政治動(dòng)員過程中，新聞媒介起到了十分重要的作用，它們是動(dòng)員信息的擴(kuò)散者和信息傳播渠道。自4月24日以來，甲型H1N1流感是各大媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電視的主要焦點(diǎn)話題。
在此之后，中國(guó)為了應(yīng)對(duì)甲型H1N1流感，采取醫(yī)學(xué)觀察措施，大部分公民都表示理解，可以看出政治對(duì)社會(huì)的動(dòng)員起到了作用。而各級(jí)政府快速的反應(yīng)和應(yīng)對(duì)措施，表示政治動(dòng)員對(duì)各級(jí)政府起到了作用。
4 準(zhǔn)備充足的財(cái)政資源，注重發(fā)揮專家作用
據(jù)報(bào)道，為了應(yīng)對(duì)甲型H1N1流感，中央財(cái)政已經(jīng)安排50億元專項(xiàng)資金，地方各級(jí)財(cái)政也要撥出專款。此外，各個(gè)市都確立了定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院，并且安排充足的物質(zhì)資源儲(chǔ)備。例如5月6日北京地壇醫(yī)院發(fā)言人表示，已儲(chǔ)備2萬個(gè)口罩和2萬套防護(hù)服，還有達(dá)菲藥物以及抗生素。
專家是甲型H1N1流感防治方案的提出者，是甲型H1N1流感發(fā)現(xiàn)者和監(jiān)測(cè)者，以及甲型H1N1流感的治療者。在整個(gè)公共衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急處理中，他們都發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。
據(jù)報(bào)道，衛(wèi)生部組織專家在《人感染豬流感診療方案(2009版)》的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合世界衛(wèi)生組織和其他國(guó)家甲型H1N1流感最新診療經(jīng)驗(yàn)和相關(guān)資料，研究制定了《甲型H1N1流感診療方案(2009年試行版第一版)》，并于5月8日向全國(guó)發(fā)布，成為防治甲型H1N1流感的最權(quán)威方案。
到目前為止，從四川和山東兩例甲型H1N1流感確診病例的治療情況看，方案都發(fā)揮了重要作用。
5 改進(jìn)了信息公開的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和類型
信息公開的過程，也是各個(gè)主體明確責(zé)任的過程，更是各個(gè)主體自覺地協(xié)調(diào)和約束自身行為的過程，通過信息公開客觀上能夠起到政治、權(quán)威和命令所不能夠協(xié)調(diào)全社會(huì)的作用。
甲型H1N1流感信息的公開，個(gè)人會(huì)根據(jù)流感的信息來評(píng)估被感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而采取理性的選擇行為。當(dāng)每一個(gè)人都為自己的健康負(fù)責(zé)時(shí)，整個(gè)社會(huì)的防治水平就會(huì)提高。在信息公開中，看似無秩序，實(shí)際上有秩序。
據(jù)觀察，與2003年非典防治相比，中國(guó)在甲型H1N1流感防治過程中，大大地改進(jìn)了信息公開的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和類型，實(shí)現(xiàn)了公共衛(wèi)生處理機(jī)制的全過程信息公開和實(shí)時(shí)信息公開。從應(yīng)急預(yù)案，到應(yīng)急處置，以及進(jìn)一步的防治措施，都做到了向全社會(huì)公開。
據(jù)《南方周末》報(bào)道，四川出現(xiàn)內(nèi)地第一例甲型H1N1流感疑似病例后，為“避免恐慌猜忌情緒蔓延”，5月11日凌晨，成都市政府著手準(zhǔn)備新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，凌晨3點(diǎn)正式召開。這種速度在以往是沒有過的。
6 提高了分散化處理危機(jī)的能力
應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)，快速反應(yīng)和快速行動(dòng)十分重要。而快速反應(yīng)和快速行動(dòng)，需要以分散化處理危機(jī)為制度前提，面對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生事件危機(jī)，并不需要集中處理，相反，需要屬地化管理和分散化處理。
這次北京市在應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)的分散化處理上可圈可點(diǎn)。據(jù)報(bào)道，5月10日22∶30分，四川發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似病例，北京市衛(wèi)生局在30分鐘內(nèi)起動(dòng)應(yīng)急預(yù)案，調(diào)動(dòng)了所有應(yīng)急網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并將147名乘客根據(jù)所屬14個(gè)區(qū)縣，分別由各區(qū)縣負(fù)責(zé)尋找隔離旅客，最終在24小時(shí)內(nèi)完成了隔離任務(wù)并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。
可以說，應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)最重要的是明確責(zé)任，將危機(jī)分散化、分部門去處理，而不是讓一個(gè)統(tǒng)一組織來進(jìn)行集體處理。
7 加強(qiáng)了跨地區(qū)和跨部門合作，形成協(xié)同治理的政府
分散化處理危機(jī)，并不意味著不需要協(xié)調(diào)，相反它對(duì)協(xié)調(diào)提出了更高要求，需要中央與地方政府協(xié)調(diào)，跨地區(qū)協(xié)調(diào)，跨部門協(xié)調(diào)。這其中，信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)制是協(xié)調(diào)的重要途徑，據(jù)報(bào)道，5月12日，北京市衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)方來英表示，北京能夠很快獲得與四川患者接觸的信息，得益于遍布全國(guó)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的疫情報(bào)告網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及北京市衛(wèi)生部門和民航部門出入境檢疫局建立的防控信息實(shí)時(shí)通報(bào)制度。
當(dāng)然，中央政府的協(xié)調(diào)也是十分重要的，這一次，衛(wèi)生部通過通報(bào)四川確診信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)四川與北京之間協(xié)調(diào)。不過，在山東案例中，由于衛(wèi)生部門與鐵道部門之間沒有很好溝通和協(xié)調(diào)，錯(cuò)過了對(duì)重要密切接觸人員的及時(shí)醫(yī)學(xué)觀察和隔離，其中的教訓(xùn)需要總結(jié)。
總體來看，在甲型H1N1流感防治中，政府公共治理水平明顯提高，中央政府協(xié)調(diào)地方政府間的能力得到提高，地方政府各級(jí)部門之間協(xié)調(diào)也得到加強(qiáng)。
8 學(xué)會(huì)用法律來處理危機(jī)
在應(yīng)對(duì)甲型H1N1流感時(shí)，政府需要采取一些強(qiáng)制性措施，包括實(shí)施隔離和醫(yī)學(xué)觀察。并且隨著危機(jī)的深入，強(qiáng)制性措施會(huì)加大。中國(guó)在邁向法治政府的進(jìn)程中，一個(gè)重要的問題是如何使得危機(jī)處理符合法律的邏輯。
因此，危機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)面臨雙重壓力，一方面需要采取強(qiáng)制性力量來處理緊急事件和公共安全事件，另一方面需要遵循法治的邏輯。
這兩者的結(jié)合，就要求用法律來處理危機(jī)，使得危機(jī)處理法治化，這樣既可以保證法律的尊嚴(yán)，也有利于危機(jī)的處理。與此同時(shí)，將危機(jī)處理法治化的過程，也是提前預(yù)防危機(jī)的過程。不過，與危機(jī)相比，法律往往滯后，因此，必須針對(duì)每一次危機(jī)，不斷地完善法律，為下一次更好地處理危機(jī)提供法律基礎(chǔ)。
自2003年非典危機(jī)以來，中國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急事件的處理法治化得到了加強(qiáng)，比如，通過修改和制定一些法律，包括《傳染病防治法》、《國(guó)境衛(wèi)生檢疫法》、《突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對(duì)法》和《突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件應(yīng)急條例》等，使得疫情監(jiān)測(cè)、流行病調(diào)查和治療實(shí)驗(yàn)等都有了法律依據(jù)。
據(jù)報(bào)道，在5月初，成都市疾控中心根據(jù)衛(wèi)生部下發(fā)的《防治技術(shù)指南》和《診療方案》，已經(jīng)對(duì)232名技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行了全面培訓(xùn)，傳染病醫(yī)院也已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了4次演練。
當(dāng)然，在用法律處理危機(jī)的過程中，也面臨著挑戰(zhàn)，例如，如何使新的傳染病納入傳染病防治法，如何對(duì)交通工具實(shí)施傳染病防治等，都是在全球化、流動(dòng)性和不確定性時(shí)代需要考慮的問題。
■ 結(jié)語(yǔ)
2003年經(jīng)過非典之后，政府應(yīng)對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生事件的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和能力有了很大的提高，并且逐漸形成了與政治體制和傳統(tǒng)相適應(yīng)的一些做法和措施。在甲型H1N1流感的應(yīng)對(duì)中，中國(guó)已經(jīng)初步取得了一些成果，并正在形成一些制度化的措施和手段，應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)正在從一種非程序性決策走向程序性決策。
這意味著，危機(jī)正在從一種非常態(tài)走向常態(tài)，也意味著我們已經(jīng)將危機(jī)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)納入政府管理。
在未來，中國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生事件，仍然有很多地方值得完善。比如，如何形成完善的事后評(píng)估機(jī)制，對(duì)于公共衛(wèi)生事件的影響進(jìn)行全面評(píng)估，包括政治影響、經(jīng)濟(jì)影響和社會(huì)影響？如何形成有效的成本分擔(dān)機(jī)制，對(duì)于公共衛(wèi)生事件的治理如何在各級(jí)政府、組織和個(gè)人之間分擔(dān)成本，使得成本和收益對(duì)等？如何進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)信息和決策在跨部門之間溝通和協(xié)調(diào)？
人類從來沒有經(jīng)歷過無危機(jī)的時(shí)期。展望未來，相信我們依然看到，雄奇的山脈，廣闊的原野，清澈的溪流，蔚藍(lán)的海洋，自由的鳥兒，暢游的魚兒，大自然的美依然無處不在，我們生活在大自然中的每一天當(dāng)中，感受到大自然的美！
時(shí)事焦點(diǎn)素材中話題較多，學(xué)生在理解時(shí)候，可以根據(jù)寫作要求靈活選擇話題，同時(shí)要求必須站在一定立場(chǎng)上認(rèn)真深刻地審視這個(gè)話題。力爭(zhēng)作文內(nèi)容豐富深刻。
百度致信 - 練習(xí)冊(cè)列表 - 試題列表
湖北省互聯(lián)網(wǎng)違法和不良信息舉報(bào)平臺(tái) | 網(wǎng)上有害信息舉報(bào)專區(qū) | 電信詐騙舉報(bào)專區(qū) | 涉歷史虛無主義有害信息舉報(bào)專區(qū) | 涉企侵權(quán)舉報(bào)專區(qū)
違法和不良信息舉報(bào)電話：027-86699610 舉報(bào)郵箱：58377363@163.com