Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

A. Children’s IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B. The study is about violence and cooperation of children.

C. The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D. Children’s mental development only relies on their IQs.

2. What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?

A. punished B. blamed C. tested D. praised

3.What might be the best title for the text?

A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

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科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學(xué)年江西臨川第一中學(xué)高二12月月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：七選五

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

How You Can Be Calm Even When Things Get Rough

1. Cry if you need to---for a while.

Some people are more emotional than others. But repressing（壓制） your emotions doesn’t always help. If you do repress them, ___1.__. You can do it for a while, but it will eventually come back to the surface---and sometimes in an explosive manner. So have a good cry once in a while. Let the emotions out in order to help yourself think more clearly afterwards.

2. Be solution-oriented.

Concentrating on the negatives won’t change anything. Let’s say you just lost your job. ___2._. So you’ve had your cry or the time to freak out（嚇壞）, and then you made the decision to put your logical hat on. Now look at the possibilities. Start applying for jobs. Think about a career change or starting your own business. Look at the actions you can take to make your situation better. Then do something.

3. Ask for help.

Unfortunately, __3.____. It’s not! Where has it ever been written that everyone needs to go through their problems alone? Nowhere! Having other people support you-either emotionally or by actually doing something to help-will make you feel like you have less of a burden on your shoulders. Less burden equals more calm, collected, and lighter feelings.

4. Believe that things will get better.

Hope. _4.___. If you don’t believe that things will change, then they won’t. I always love to quote Henry Ford when he said, “Whether you think you can-or you think you can’t- either way, you are right.” If you think things will get better, then they eventually will. If you think they won’t, then they won’t. your beliefs shape your experience.

Staying calm when life gets rough takes practice, but it can be done. If you practice these steps on a regular basis, eventually __5.___.

A. Maybe it was a shock

B. it’s like holding a beach ball under the water

C. It might feel like you’re staying in the same place

D. Hope is everything

E. Maybe you didn’t lose your job

F. it will become second nature to you

G. a lot of people think that asking for help is a sign of weakness

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科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學(xué)年北大附中河南分校高一上學(xué)期期中英語試卷（解析版） 題型：語法填空

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（不多于3個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

Simon: ___1.___ did you begin this sort of work, Fiona?

Fiona: Let me see. Um, about four years ago.

Simon: Are you enjoy ___2._____?

Fiona: Oh, yes, very much. It is very _____3._____ (tire) because of long working hours, sometimes as many as 12 hours. But it’s exciting to meet people from all over the world.

Simon: What _____4.__ (exact) do you do?

Fiona: Well, I take tourists to the famous places in the city, tell them the history of the places, and explain why they’re famous.

Simon: What special qualifications are ____5._____ (necessity) for guides?

Fiona: Well, they have to enjoy _____6.___ (meet) new people. And they ____7._____ (take) special courses in the history of the city when they studied at college.

Simon: And do you have to know a foreign language?

Fiona: That’s _____8.____ must. My company will only hire those ____9.____ can speak at least two foreign languages.

Simon: And you? How many foreign languages can you speak?

Fiona: I can speak three: Spanish, ____10.____ (France) and Italian.

Simon: Three foreign languages? Then I can understand why your work is so easy for you.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆吉林長春外國語學(xué)校高三上學(xué)期第二次質(zhì)檢英語試卷（解析版） 題型：書面表達

書面表達

進入高考復(fù)習(xí)緊張階段，為幫助中學(xué)生健康成長，學(xué)校英文報開辟了“HEART-TO-HEART”專欄。假設(shè)你是該欄目的編輯Mike，收到一封署名為Worried的求助信。信中該同學(xué)向你訴說了自己的困擾：近日由于壓力很大，經(jīng)常發(fā)脾氣，使正常的學(xué)習(xí)和生活受到了影響。請用英文給該同學(xué)寫一封回信。

內(nèi)容要點如下：

1．表示理解并給予安慰；

2．提出建議并說明理由: 向朋友傾訴， 加強戶外運動， 保持積極心態(tài)等。

注意：

1．詞數(shù)100左右；

2．信中不能出現(xiàn)與本人相關(guān)的信息；

3．信的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你擬好，不計入總詞數(shù)。

參考詞匯：lose one's temper 發(fā)脾氣

Hi, Worried,

I'm sorry to know that you're having such a bad time at the moment.

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Mike

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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆寧夏回族自治區(qū)銀川一中高三上第四次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

What is an Oyster card?

Oyster is the easiest way to pay for journeys on the bus ，Tube ，tram，Docklands light Railway (DLR)，London Overground and National Rail journeys in London You can store your travel cards, Bus & Tram Pass，season tickets and credit to pay for journeys as you go.

Where to get an Oyster card?

There are a number of ways for you to get an Oyster card ：

• At over 3,900 Oyster Ticket stops

• At Tube and London Overground station ticket offices

• At some National Rail stations

• At London Travel information Centres

• Online at tfl. gov. uk/oyster

How to use an Oyster card?

To pay the correct fare on the Tube ，DLR，London Overground and National Rail services，you must always touch in on the yellow Oyster card reader at the start of your journey，and touch out at the end. if you don’t, a maximum cash Oyster fare will be changed When using the bus or tram, you must only touch in at the start, but not at the end of your journey.

What happens if I don’t visit London very often?

Don’t worry. Any pay as you go credit on your card will not expire (過期)，so you can keep it for your next visit or lend it to a friend.

Fares

Traveling by Tube from Central London (Zone l)to Heathrow (Zone 6)

Adult Oyster single fare

£ 4. 20 Monday to Friday 06:30 - 09:30 and 16:00一19:00

£ 2. 70 at all other times including public holidays

Adult single cash fare £ 5.00

For further information，visit tfL.gov. uk /fares.

1.You can get an Oyster card at the following places EXCEPT_____

A．a(chǎn)t a post office B．a(chǎn)t an Oyster Ticket stop

C．on the website D．a(chǎn)t a Tube station

2.If a person with an Oyster card takes the 7 o’clock Tube from Central London to Heathrow for a week (no public holiday in between)，he should pay_____.

A．£ 18.90 B．£ 29.40 C．£ 26.40 D．£ 21.90

3.The passage is probably taken from a_______

A．journal B．travel brochure C．textbook D．novel

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科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學(xué)年廣東惠州第一中學(xué)高二上學(xué)期期中英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Lots of people buy books and products from Amazon, an online seller. They offer and pay over the Internet and the books are shipped through the mail or a delivery service like FedEx.

One day, people could get their Amazon deliveries from an “unmanned aerial vehicle”—a timely vehicle that looks like a toy helicopter. And instead of waiting days to get the parcel, it could be at the buyer’s home in half an hour or less. The company is working on a fleet of tiny vehicles they call “Prime Air”. The vehicles are also known as “octocopters”. On their website, Amazon says, “One day, Prime Air Vehicles will be as normal as seeing a mail trucks on the road today.”

The U.S.’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is working on safety regulations for unmanned flying vehicles like the Prime Air copters. Those regulations will make sure the copters are able to fly safely where they need to go. Once the FAA has put its rules in place, which could be as early as 2016, Amazon will be ready with its fleet of tiny flyers. The process could take as many as five years.

The new delivery service would likely be available only in the United States, at first. The copters the company is testing now can handle packages up to five pounds (2.3kg) and they have a range of 10 miles (16 kilometers).

Other companies are also looking at using unmanned flying vehicles to deliver their products. For instance, Domino’s Pizza in the U.K. released a video showing a “DomiCopter”, delivering a pizza. That video may have been a publicity stunt（噱頭）. In any case, just like Prime Air’s octocopters, the DomiCopters don’t have clearance（許可）to take off just yet.

1.For what purpose does Amazon want to use the Prime Air?

A. To predict the sales volume.

B. To check the delivery service.

C. To shorten the delivery period.

D. To remind people to order online.

2.What do we know from Amazon’s words in paragraph 2?

A. The Prime Air Vehicles will still travel on the road.

B. The Amazon’s delivery system needs to be improved.

C. The Prime Air Vehicles will be widely put into use soon.

D. The creation of the Prime Air Vehicles was inspired by the mail trucks.

3.The Prime Air Vehicles will be regulated by the U.S.’s FAA for __________.

A. the design plans

B. the delivery price

C. the driver’s training

D. the safety assessment

4.What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the new delivery method?

A. Its safety B. Its delivery ability

C. Its appearance D. Its moving speed

5.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. The new delivery service has attracted more customers.

B. The designer of Amazon has promoted “Prime Air” to other company.

C. Another unmanned vehicle has been put into use by a British pizza company.

D. Unmanned vehicles could possibly be developed and employed by more companies.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆天津第一中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第二次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Most people I meet want to develop more harmonious and satisfying relationships. But we may not realize that this can only be achieved by partnering with two new and strange allies(盟友)：uncertainty and confusion. Most of us aren’t trained to like confusion or to admit we feel hesitant and uncertain. In our schools and organizations, we place value on sounding certain and confident.

As life continues to speed up, I believe our changing world requires less certainty and far more curiosity. I’m not suggesting we let go of our beliefs, but that we become curious about what someone else believes. As we become open to the disturbing differences, sometimes we discover that another’s way of interpreting the world is actually essential to our survival.

For me, the first step in becoming curious is to admit that I’m not succeeding in figuring things out by myself. If my solutions don’t work as well as I’d like, I take these as signs that it’s time to begin asking others what they think. I try to become a conscious listener, actively listening for differences.

There are many ways to listen for differences. Lately, I’ve been listening for what surprises me. This isn’t easy — I’m accustomed to sitting there, nodding my head as someone voices his opinions. But when I notice what surprises me, I’m able to see my own views more clearly, including my assumptions.

If you’re willing to be disturbed and confused, I recommend you begin a conversation with someone who thinks differently from you. Listen for what’s different and what surprises you. Try to stop the voice of judgement or opinion and just listen. At the end, notice whether you’ve learned something new.

We have the opportunity many times a day to be the one who listens to others and the one who is curious rather than certain. When we listen with fewer judgements, we always develop better relationships with each other. It’s not differences that divide us. It’s our judgements that do. Curiosity and good listening bring us back together.

As I consider partnering with confusion and uncertainty, I’m learning that we don’t have to agree with each other in order to think well together. There is no need for us to be joined at the head. We are already joined by our hearts.

1.According to the passage, when communicating with others, most of us try to behave____.

A. hesitantly and confusedly

B. honestly and harmoniously

C. responsibly and actively

D. confidently and convincingly

2.According to the author, in order to cope with our changing world, we should ______.

A. reconsider traditional beliefs before accepting them.

B. learn to interpret other people’s behavior.

C. become more curious about other people’s opinions.

D. try to develop more harmonious relationships with others.

3.What does the passage advise you to do when you hear different ideas?

A. We should let go of our beliefs.

B. We should admit that we are not succeeding in figuring out things.

C. We should be accustomed to sitting there and listening.

D. We should listen and find out the valuable points

69. 4.What do the underlined sentences in the passage imply?

A. We should listen more and judge less.

B. We should make decisions based on sound judgement.

C. Differences among people separate them.

D. It is important to seek common ground and reserve differences.

5.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude to uncertainty and confusion?

A. Favorable. B. Resistant. C. Curious. D. Doubtful.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學(xué)年江蘇淮陰中學(xué)高二上第二次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：其他題

完成句子。根據(jù)句意和漢語、首字母提示，在橫線上填入最適合的單詞。每空一詞。請在答題紙上寫出完整單詞。

1.Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all the situations__________ appear in the working world.

2.With a large amount of work___________(remain) to be done, the chief manager couldn’t spare time for a holiday.

3.In Thailand, many people do not trust the government to do anything much, let alone ____________(make) decisions about life and death.

4.________________quickly are science and technology advancing that what is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.

5.On her birthday, she received from her parents a nice present___________ which a note was attached, saying “We love you so much”.

6.----What about your self-drive trip yesterday?

----Tiring! The road is being widened, and we___________(have) a rough time.

7.They’re paying you 10,000 dollars now for those____________(改編本) of Shakespeare’s plays.

句意：他們現(xiàn)在為莎士比亞戲劇的改編本付一萬美元。Those后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填adaptations。

8.Most of these are consumer goods to be____________(分銷) to shops locally and nationwide.

9.The beautiful girl finally decided to live on an island, which was____________________(可到達的) only by boat.

10.The company is committed to________________(犧牲) short-term profits for the sake of long-term growth.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆內(nèi)蒙古巴彥淖爾市高三上學(xué)期期中英語試卷（解析版） 題型：短文改錯

短文改錯

文中共有10處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改的詞 注意： 只改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。

Dear Manager，

I am an exchange student from the UK. Yesterday, I went to your cinema to see a film. The film was very well, but I did not enjoy it because there were some problem in the cinema.

First, the film was delayed as there were so much advertisements at the beginning. It was rather annoyed. Second, the sound of the film was too loud that I could hardly bear. The EXIT sign could not be seen clearly, which presented lots of potential safety dangers. If something terribly should happen, it will be difficult for people to get out quickly.

As a visitor to your city, I'm disappointed with my experience in your cinema. I am writing a letter in the hope that you can consider about these problems and make some improvement.

Yours faithfully，

Jack

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