Passage four(preface)

  Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.

  This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.

  We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.

  We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.

1.According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means

A.cultural groups that are formed by scientists.

B.people whose knowledge of science is very limited.

C.the scientific community.

D.people who make good contribution to science.

2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because

A.it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.

B.Science affects almost every aspect of our life.

C.Scientists live in a specific subculture.

D.It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.

3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who

A.are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.

B.are good at producing various gadgets.

C.work in a storehouse of dried facts.

D.want to have a superficial understanding of science.

4.According to this passage,

A.English is a sexist language.

B.only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.

C.women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.

D.male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.

5.This passage most probably is

A.a book review.

B.the preface of a book.

C.the postscript of a book.

D.the concluding part of a book.

1--5          CBADB       


解析:

這是一篇書(shū)的序言，作者用夾敘夾議的寫作方法介紹了書(shū)的涉及面及其功能。

首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題，但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群，只有懂得一些激勵(lì)和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況，才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。

第二方面指出書(shū)的讀者對(duì)象是對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門外漢。書(shū)可作理工科課程的輔助（補(bǔ)充）讀物，又可獨(dú)立自成體系。它可開(kāi)闊人們科學(xué)的視野，真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作，理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系，科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。

第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多，貢獻(xiàn)巨大，而我們的語(yǔ)言卻隱含這性別的歧視，難以充分平等地反映婦女。

最后指出書(shū)信息量大又具娛樂(lè)性，寓教于樂(lè)。

1.C 科學(xué)社區(qū)。答案在第一段第二句，人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活在其中的亞文化群以及他們是什么樣的人。第三段又講到，有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)的畫面以及婦女對(duì)科學(xué)亞文化的貢獻(xiàn)�？梢�(jiàn)科學(xué)社區(qū)即亞文化。

A. 科學(xué)家所組成種種文化群體。  B. 科學(xué)知識(shí)有限的一些人。  C.  對(duì)科學(xué)作出很大貢獻(xiàn)的人。

2.B 因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)幾乎影響到我們生活的各個(gè)方面。文章開(kāi)綜明旨點(diǎn)出：科學(xué)是我們文化中的重要主題，由于它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一方面，有知識(shí)的人至少需要熟悉一些結(jié)構(gòu)和作用。

3.A. 了解激發(fā)和挫傷科學(xué)家的事情可不太容易。（比較難） C. 科學(xué)家生活在特定的亞文化群中。D. 了解科學(xué)的一般特性比較容易。

A 不太了解科學(xué)的大學(xué)生或門外漢。第二段首句就點(diǎn)出了這本書(shū)為對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的大學(xué)生和門外漢所寫，為某些人，一直把科學(xué)看作干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的發(fā)霉的石屋的人；為那種把科學(xué)的主要目的視為生產(chǎn)小配件的人；為那些把科學(xué)視為某種魔術(shù)的人而寫。這說(shuō)明主要為A項(xiàng)人所寫，對(duì)科學(xué)了解不多的大學(xué)生和普通人。

B. 善于生產(chǎn)各種小配件。  C. 在干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相對(duì)科學(xué)有膚淺了解的人。

4.D 不應(yīng)當(dāng)用陽(yáng)性的名詞和代詞去指科學(xué)家。第三段集中講了這本書(shū)提供精確而又現(xiàn)代的有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)（社會(huì)）和居住在其中的人的畫卷。近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的婦女包括進(jìn)來(lái)，原因是許多婦女進(jìn)入傳統(tǒng)上為男人統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域，并作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)，所以婦女在科學(xué)亞文化群中的增多并不是罕見(jiàn)的偶然事件，而是社會(huì)各部門明顯趨勢(shì)的組成部分。在討論其變化和貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，我們面臨著隱含性別歧視的語(yǔ)言――用陽(yáng)性名詞和代詞來(lái)指未指定人物，為了消除這種偏頗，我們?cè)诳赡芎捅匾獣r(shí)采用了復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞來(lái)取代他或她。

A. 英語(yǔ)是一種性別語(yǔ)言。 B. 只有在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，婦女的作用增長(zhǎng)很快。 C. 婦女在曉民我們語(yǔ)言中的不適當(dāng)性作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)此題注釋說(shuō)明這三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。英語(yǔ)不能說(shuō)成是有性別的語(yǔ)言，其中雖有些詞性表示男性或女性。文內(nèi)明確指科學(xué)界婦女增多是整個(gè)社會(huì)的趨勢(shì)的組成部分。由于婦女在科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn)，所以不能再用陽(yáng)性名詞或代詞去指科學(xué)界，并不是在消滅語(yǔ)言……

5.B 書(shū)的前言，見(jiàn)文章大意。

A. 書(shū)的評(píng)論。 C. 書(shū)跋、書(shū)的附錄。 D. 書(shū)的結(jié)論部分。

練習(xí)冊(cè)系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解

They leap from helicopters or speeding boats, bringing aid to swimmers who get into trouble off Italy’s popular beaches.

For these dog lifeguards, the doggie paddle （狗刨式游法）does just fine.

These “l(fā)ifedogs” tow a buoy(救生衣) that victims can grab, or a raft they can sit on to be towed back to shore, and unlike their human counterparts(與對(duì)方地位相當(dāng)?shù)娜?, they can easily jump from helicopters and speeding boats to reach swimmers in trouble.

With millions flocking(人群) to Italy’s crowded beaches each summer, the Italian Coast Guard says it rescues about 3,000 people every year — and their dog helpers are credited with saving several lives.

It takes three years for the canines to reach expert rescue status, and currently 300 dogs are fully trained for duty, said Roberto Gasbarri, who co-ordinates the Italian School of Canine Lifeguards program at a centre outside of Rome in the seaside town of Civitavecchia.

“Dogs are useful in containing the physical fatigue（疲勞） of the lifeguard, to increase the speed at which casualties（遇難者） are retrieved（找到并銜回）, to increase the security of both the casualty and of the lifeguard,” Gasbarri said.

The Civitavecchia centre is one of a dozen around the country for the school founded more than 20 years ago in the northern province of Bergamo by Ferruccio Pilenga, whose first trainee was his own Newfoundland.

The school will train any breed（品種）, as long as they weigh at least 30 kilograms, but Labradors, Newfoundlands and golden retrievers are most commonly used because of their natural instinct for swimming. Each dog works in tandem with（同 ……合作） a human lifeguard, who also acts as the animal’s trainer.

Which of the following can act as the best title fo the passage?

  A. Dogs to the Rescue                B. Dogs Are Good at Doggie Paddle

  C. The Wonderful Performance of Dogs  D. Dogs: Our Loyal Friends

What advantage do these life-dogs have over human lifeguards in a rescue?

  A. Dog can swim very fast                      B. Dogs can finish rescue work with ease.

  C. Dogs can finish the great work free of charge.    D. Dogs can easily be trained

Which of the following is TRUE about the Civitavecchia center according to the text?

A. Any breed can be trained there.

  B. The ones who have the gift for swimming are welcomed.

  C. After a better training, the dogs can work alone.

  D. It is the only place for training dog lifeguards in the school.

What does the writer want to tell us in the 4th paragraph?

  A. Without the dog lifeguards, 3,000 people would lose their lives every year.

  B. The buautiful beaches attract millions of people every year.

  C. Dog lifeguards play an important part in a rescue.

  D. Italy is a famous place of interest.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2011年甘肅省河西部分普通高中高三第一次聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)卷 題型：閱讀理解

They leap from helicopters or speeding boats, bringing aid to swimmers who get into trouble off Italy’s popular beaches.
For these dog lifeguards, the doggie paddle （狗刨式游法）does just fine.
These “l(fā)ifedogs” tow a buoy(救生衣) that victims can grab, or a raft they can sit on to be towed back to shore, and unlike their human counterparts(與對(duì)方地位相當(dāng)?shù)娜?, they can easily jump from helicopters and speeding boats to reach swimmers in trouble.
With millions flocking(人群) to Italy’s crowded beaches each summer, the Italian Coast Guard says it rescues about 3,000 people every year — and their dog helpers are credited with saving several lives.
It takes three years for the canines to reach expert rescue status, and currently 300 dogs are fully trained for duty, said Roberto Gasbarri, who co-ordinates the Italian School of Canine Lifeguards program at a centre outside of Rome in the seaside town of Civitavecchia.
“Dogs are useful in containing the physical fatigue（疲勞） of the lifeguard, to increase the speed at which casualties（遇難者） are retrieved（找到并銜回）, to increase the security of both the casualty and of the lifeguard,” Gasbarri said.
The Civitavecchia centre is one of a dozen around the country for the school founded more than 20 years ago in the northern province of Bergamo by Ferruccio Pilenga, whose first trainee was his own Newfoundland.
The school will train any breed（品種）, as long as they weigh at least 30 kilograms, but Labradors, Newfoundlands and golden retrievers are most commonly used because of their natural instinct for swimming. Each dog works in tandem with（同 ……合作） a human lifeguard, who also acts as the animal’s trainer.
【小題1】Which of the following can act as the best title fo the passage?

A．Dogs to the RescueB．Dogs Are Good at Doggie Paddle
C．The Wonderful Performance of DogsD．Dogs: Our Loyal Friends
【小題2】What advantage do these life-dogs have over human lifeguards in a rescue?
A．Dog can swim very fastB．Dogs can finish rescue work with ease.
C．Dogs can finish the great work free of charge.D．Dogs can easily be trained
【小題3】 Which of the following is TRUE about the Civitavecchia center according to the text?
A．Any breed can be trained there.
B．The ones who have the gift for swimming are welcomed.
C．After a better training, the dogs can work alone.
D．It is the only place for training dog lifeguards in the school.
【小題4】What does the writer want to tell us in the 4th paragraph?
A．Without the dog lifeguards, 3,000 people would lose their lives every year.
B．The buautiful beaches attract millions of people every year.
C．Dog lifeguards play an important part in a rescue.
D．Italy is a famous place of interest.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2011年甘肅省高三第一次聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)卷 題型：閱讀理解

They leap from helicopters or speeding boats, bringing aid to swimmers who get into trouble off Italy’s popular beaches.

For these dog lifeguards, the doggie paddle （狗刨式游法）does just fine.

These “l(fā)ifedogs” tow a buoy(救生衣) that victims can grab, or a raft they can sit on to be towed back to shore, and unlike their human counterparts(與對(duì)方地位相當(dāng)?shù)娜?, they can easily jump from helicopters and speeding boats to reach swimmers in trouble.

With millions flocking(人群) to Italy’s crowded beaches each summer, the Italian Coast Guard says it rescues about 3,000 people every year — and their dog helpers are credited with saving several lives.

It takes three years for the canines to reach expert rescue status, and currently 300 dogs are fully trained for duty, said Roberto Gasbarri, who co-ordinates the Italian School of Canine Lifeguards program at a centre outside of Rome in the seaside town of Civitavecchia.

“Dogs are useful in containing the physical fatigue（疲勞） of the lifeguard, to increase the speed at which casualties（遇難者） are retrieved（找到并銜回）, to increase the security of both the casualty and of the lifeguard,” Gasbarri said.

The Civitavecchia centre is one of a dozen around the country for the school founded more than 20 years ago in the northern province of Bergamo by Ferruccio Pilenga, whose first trainee was his own Newfoundland.

The school will train any breed（品種）, as long as they weigh at least 30 kilograms, but Labradors, Newfoundlands and golden retrievers are most commonly used because of their natural instinct for swimming. Each dog works in tandem with（同 ……合作） a human lifeguard, who also acts as the animal’s trainer.

1.Which of the following can act as the best title fo the passage?

  A. Dogs to the Rescue                B. Dogs Are Good at Doggie Paddle

  C. The Wonderful Performance of Dogs  D. Dogs: Our Loyal Friends

2.What advantage do these life-dogs have over human lifeguards in a rescue?

  A. Dog can swim very fast                      B. Dogs can finish rescue work with ease.

  C. Dogs can finish the great work free of charge.    D. Dogs can easily be trained

3. Which of the following is TRUE about the Civitavecchia center according to the text?

A. Any breed can be trained there.

  B. The ones who have the gift for swimming are welcomed.

  C. After a better training, the dogs can work alone.

  D. It is the only place for training dog lifeguards in the school.

4.What does the writer want to tell us in the 4th paragraph?

  A. Without the dog lifeguards, 3,000 people would lose their lives every year.

  B. The buautiful beaches attract millions of people every year.

  C. Dog lifeguards play an important part in a rescue.

  D. Italy is a famous place of interest.

 

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2010年江西省名校高考信息卷一 題型：閱讀理解

 

   Why Melbourne? Having long lived in the shadow of Sydney, Melbourne has become a mecca(理想之地) for fashion and design and the cultural centre of Australia, with an enjoyable programme fo festivals.

______ The city centre’s grid（格子）system of streets conceals a maze of lanes and turn-of-the-century arcades where you will find the best cafes, bars and boutique shopping. The Hidden Secrets Tour(00 613 9329 9665, hiddensecretstours.com) guides will make sure you find what you’re after, whether it’s fashion, art and design or wine. From ￡34 per person.

Where to eat Melbourne is a paradise for gourmands(美食者), and its top chefs use fresh produce and have a talent for the experimental. But for comething differen, indulge your culinary senses with an Australian Wine Tour Company trip. Departing from the city centre daily, you’ll taste wines at four of the region’s best vineyards. It costs ￡48 per person, including all wine tasting, lunch and a visit to Domaine Chandon(00613 9419 4444, austwinetourco.com.au).

Where to stay The Nunery is an old convent（女修道院）on the edge of the city. It has double rooms with breakfast from ￡54 per night (00 613 9419 8637, nunnery.com.au).

How to get there Qantas (0846 7747 767. qantas.com.au) flies from Heathrow to Melbourne twice daily from ￡766 return, including taxes.

More information Contact the official tourism site for Melbourne at visitmelbourne.com/uk.

Use the links below for more on.

Destination guide: Melbourne.

Click here for our Melbourne page.

48 hours in Melbourne.

1.Which of the following can be a subtitle (副標(biāo)題) for the second paragraph?

A.When to come.

B.How to book.

C.What to see.

D.What price to pay.

2.To get more information about Hidden Secrets Tour, you should call ______.

A.00 613 9329 9665 

B.00 613 9419 4444

C.00 613 9419 8637

D.0845 7747 767

3.If you are interested in tasting Australian wines, you have to pay      .

A.￡34

B.￡48

C.￡54

D.￡766

4.The passage is written to ______.

A.tell readers how to travel in Australia

B.inform readers about what to see in Melbourne

C.introduce the history and culture about Australia

D.offer tourists some information about Melbourne

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解

   Why Melbourne? Having long lived in the shadow of Sydney, Melbourne has become a mecca(理想之地) for fashion and design and the cultural centre of Australia, with an enjoyable programme fo festivals.

______ The city centre’s grid（格子）system of streets conceals a maze of lanes and turn-of-the-century arcades where you will find the best cafes, bars and boutique shopping. The Hidden Secrets Tour(00 613 9329 9665, hiddensecretstours.com) guides will make sure you find what you’re after, whether it’s fashion, art and design or wine. From ￡34 per person.

Where to eat Melbourne is a paradise for gourmands(美食者), and its top chefs use fresh produce and have a talent for the experimental. But for comething differen, indulge your culinary senses with an Australian Wine Tour Company trip. Departing from the city centre daily, you’ll taste wines at four of the region’s best vineyards. It costs ￡48 per person, including all wine tasting, lunch and a visit to Domaine Chandon(00613 9419 4444, austwinetourco.com.au).

Where to stay The Nunery is an old convent（女修道院）on the edge of the city. It has double rooms with breakfast from ￡54 per night (00 613 9419 8637, nunnery.com.au).

How to get there Qantas (0846 7747 767. qantas.com.au) flies from Heathrow to Melbourne twice daily from ￡766 return, including taxes.

More information Contact the official tourism site for Melbourne at visitmelbourne.com/uk.

Use the links below for more on.

Destination guide: Melbourne.

Click here for our Melbourne page.

48 hours in Melbourne.

1.Which of the following can be a subtitle (副標(biāo)題) for the second paragraph?

A.When to come. B.How to book.     C.What to see.       D.What price to pay.

2.To get more information about Hidden Secrets Tour, you should call ______.

A.00 613 9329 9665    B.00 613 9419 4444

C.00 613 9419 8637      D.0845 7747 767

3.If you are interested in tasting Australian wines, you have to pay      .

A.￡34    B.￡48   C.￡54    D.￡766

4.The passage is written to ______.

A.tell readers how to travel in Australia

B.inform readers about what to see in Melbourne

C.introduce the history and culture about Australia

D.offer tourists some information about Melbourne

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊(cè)答案