【題目】請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀(guān)察下面這幅漫畫(huà)，回答后面的問(wèn)題。

（1）請(qǐng)給漫畫(huà)擬一個(gè)標(biāo)題。

（2）用一句話(huà)揭示這幅漫畫(huà)的寓意。

答：________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

【答案】（1）歲月是把刀

（2）漫畫(huà)警示人們要珍惜時(shí)間。

【解析】 本題考查圖文轉(zhuǎn)換能力。回答本題，首先要讀懂漫畫(huà)。漫畫(huà)的畫(huà)面是一個(gè)鐘表，其中時(shí)針是一個(gè)人的形象，分針是一把鋒利的刀。顯然，這幅漫畫(huà)意在告訴人們時(shí)間和人的關(guān)系，尤其是人（時(shí)針）后的那把可怕的刀（分針），警示人們要珍惜時(shí)間。據(jù)此，擬寫(xiě)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短貼切的標(biāo)題，并結(jié)合漫畫(huà)闡釋其深刻含義即可。

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【題目】近來(lái)時(shí)見(jiàn)“又一波霧霾洶涌來(lái)襲”“京津冀持續(xù)受霧霾困擾”,以及“中央氣象臺(tái)繼續(xù)發(fā)布霾黃色預(yù)警”和“部分地區(qū)有重度霾”等報(bào)道,霧霾已嚴(yán)重危害到了人們的身體健康。所以,新修訂的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》,已涉及關(guān)于如何治理霧霾,尤其是霾的問(wèn)題。

霾和霧有所不同。“霧”是一種自然天象,古人有“薄霧濃云”“霧失樓臺(tái)”之類(lèi)吟詠,從詩(shī)畫(huà)的角度看,霧柔美、朦朧而神秘。霾就不同了。雖說(shuō)也是自古就有的一種天象,卻全然無(wú)此美感,而且隨著人為因素越來(lái)越頻繁地介入,如今已成了一種污染�，F(xiàn)代辭書(shū)因此釋義為“空氣中因懸浮著大量的煙、塵等微粒而形成的渾濁現(xiàn)象”。按當(dāng)下民間流行的通俗說(shuō)法,就是PM2.5(細(xì)顆粒物)嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)。

霾習(xí)慣上也叫陰霾、灰霾或煙霾,這是霾給人的一種很形象的視覺(jué)感受:陰沉沉的,灰蒙蒙的,滿(mǎn)天煙塵。近來(lái)竟與“霧”組合成“霧霾”而頻頻見(jiàn)諸報(bào)端。詞典中不見(jiàn)“霧霾”這個(gè)詞,只有“霾霧”(如《后漢書(shū)·郎傳》“霾霧蔽日”)和“風(fēng)霾”(如《魏書(shū)·崔光傳》“昨風(fēng)霾暴興”),此外還有“塵霾”“沙霾”“黃霾”等。雖然詞典中不見(jiàn)“霧霾”一詞的身影,但它卻在2013年“榮升”為年度熱詞。

從形式上看,熱詞“霧霾”是舊詞“霾霧”的倒序,但詞義的重心卻因此起了變化。“霾霧”原是“夾雜有塵霾的霧”,中心詞是“霧”;“霧霾”則是“像迷霧一樣的霾”,中心詞就成了“霾”。

“霾”并非新字,早在甲骨文中就已屢見(jiàn),卜辭有“癸卯卜,王占曰,其霾甲辰”和“貞茲雨不霾”之類(lèi)的記載,可見(jiàn)霾很早就對(duì)人們的生活有影響了。前人對(duì)霾的認(rèn)識(shí),從《爾雅》到《康熙字典》乃至20世紀(jì)初編成的《中華大字典》,釋義幾乎是一以貫之的,其中漢劉熙《釋名·釋天》的釋義相對(duì)比較全面:“風(fēng)而雨土曰霾。霾,晦也,言如物塵晦之色也。”“雨”在這里讀為yù,作動(dòng)詞“降下”講,意謂大風(fēng)揚(yáng)起的塵土從天而下就是霾。因?yàn)榭罩袧M(mǎn)是塵土,所以劉熙說(shuō)霾的天象是“晦”,天色像物體被蒙上了塵土一樣昏暗�！稌x書(shū)·天文志》說(shuō):“凡天地四方昏濛若下塵,十日五日已上,或一月,或一時(shí),雨不沾衣而有土,名曰霾。”可見(jiàn),滿(mǎn)天塵土的“霾”,與霧不同,可以持續(xù)多日,甚至長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)月。《元史》也有至元六年(1340年)臘月“風(fēng)霾蔽都城數(shù)日”的記載。

“霾”字從結(jié)構(gòu)上說(shuō),是“從雨貍聲”。義符是“雨”,說(shuō)明是一種天象無(wú)疑。只是為何要叫“霾”?表聲的“貍”是否也有什么特殊含義?

《字匯補(bǔ)·雨部》說(shuō):“霾,與埋通,瘞(yì,掩埋)也。”“霾”之塵土蔽物,有似掩埋,所以古籍多有借作“埋”的,如《楚辭·國(guó)殤》中“霾兩輪兮縶四馬”之“霾”。“霾”與“埋”是可以互相通用的。“貍”現(xiàn)在的讀音是lí,是“貍”的異體字,指一種野貓。原來(lái)的讀音為mái。原來(lái),表示掩埋義的漢字,最初并非“埋”,而是“貍”。據(jù)說(shuō),“貍”之有“埋”義,是因?yàn)橐柏埳朴诓胤木壒省：髞?lái),又另造“埋”字,于是“貍于草中”就變?yōu)?/span>“埋于土中”,“埋”也由此替代了“貍”,而成為表掩埋義的規(guī)范字。

就“霾”字而言,之所以借“貍”表聲,恐怕也是因?yàn)?/span>“貍”原有的掩埋義,與“雨塵”義相近的緣故吧。

(選自《咬文嚼字》，略有刪節(jié))

【1】下列關(guān)于原文內(nèi)容的表述,不正確的一項(xiàng)是( )

A.霾是一種天象,它不僅毫無(wú)美感,而且由于人為因素的介入,一直被認(rèn)為是一種污染。

B.新修訂的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》已涉及關(guān)于如何治理霧霾的問(wèn)題,由此可見(jiàn),霧霾已嚴(yán)重危害到了人們的身體健康。

C.霾習(xí)慣上也叫陰霾、灰霾或煙霾,霾的這些稱(chēng)號(hào)與霾給人的視覺(jué)感受有很大關(guān)系。

D.“霧霾”是個(gè)新詞,在以前的詞典中見(jiàn)不到它。但“霧霾”近來(lái)頻繁見(jiàn)諸報(bào)端,并在2013年成為年度熱詞。

【2】下列理解和分析,不符合原文意思的一項(xiàng)是( )

A.霧與霾雖然同是自然天象,但有所不同,其主要區(qū)別就在于霧柔美朦朧神秘而霾沒(méi)有霧的這種美感。

B.熱詞“霧霾”與舊詞“霾霧”,雖然只有次序的顛倒,但詞義重心卻因此起了較大的變化。

C.“霾霧”是“夾雜有塵的霧”,中心詞是“霧”,“霧霾”則是“像迷霧一樣的霾”,中心詞成了“霾”。

D.“霾”在甲骨文中就已屢見(jiàn),卜辭有“癸卯卜,王占曰,其霾甲辰”的記載。這說(shuō)明“霾”在商代就影響到人們的生活了。

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B.《晉書(shū)·天文志》說(shuō):“凡天地四方昏濛若下塵,十日五日已上……雨不沾衣而有土,名曰霾。”這句話(huà)意思是說(shuō),“霾”盡管持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不同,但塵土中夾雜著未能濕透衣服的小雨。

C.“霾”是個(gè)形聲字,義符為“雨”,說(shuō)明是一種天象,聲符為“貍”,說(shuō)明“霾”的讀音。

D.“霾”借“貍”表聲,除了取其聲音外,也可能是因?yàn)?/span>“貍”有掩埋義,與“雨塵”義相近的緣故。

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