為測定某石灰石樣品中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),取15g石灰石樣品,放入盛有100g稀鹽酸的燒杯中,石灰石中的碳酸鈣跟鹽酸恰好完全反應(yīng)(雜質(zhì)既不反應(yīng)也不溶解),燒杯內(nèi)物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量變?yōu)?10.6g.求:
(1)石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).(2)稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).(3)反應(yīng)后溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).
分析:石灰石的質(zhì)量與稀鹽酸的質(zhì)量和去掉燒杯內(nèi)剩余物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量所得的質(zhì)量是生成二氧化碳的質(zhì)量.
由二氧化碳的質(zhì)量根據(jù)碳酸鈣與稀鹽酸反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式可以計算出石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量、稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和生成氯化鈣的質(zhì)量.進(jìn)而計算出石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).
用石灰石的質(zhì)量去掉碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量就是石灰石中雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量,用燒杯內(nèi)剩余物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量去掉石灰石中雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量就是所得溶液的質(zhì)量,氯化鈣的質(zhì)量與所得溶液的質(zhì)量之比就是所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).
解答:解:生成二氧化碳的質(zhì)量為
100g+15g-110.6g=4.4g
設(shè)石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量為x,稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為y,生成氯化鈣的質(zhì)量為z.
CaCO
3+2HCl=CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
100 73 111 44
x 100g×y z 4.4g
=
=
x=10g,y=7.3%,z=11.1g
石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為
×100%≈66.7%
所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為
×100%≈10.5%
答:(1)石灰石中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為66.7%;
(2)鹽酸溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為7.3%;
(3)反應(yīng)后所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)10.5%.
點評:本題主要考查有關(guān)含雜質(zhì)物質(zhì)的化學(xué)方程式計算和溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的計算,難度較大.